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Physiology 1 > Respiration - Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Respiration - Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What is breathing modulated by?

A

emotional events (crying)
vocalisation (singing)
reflexes (coughing)
volitional control (breath hold)
physiological challenges (sleep/exercise)

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2
Q

What two receptors send signals to the brain regarding breathing?

A

Chemoreceptors: provide feedback on blood PO2, PCO2 and pH.

Mechanoreceptors: provide feedback on mechanical status of lungs, chest wall and airways.

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3
Q

Where are the neural signals sent and what is the response?

A
  • Respiratory muscles to produce rhythmic breathing movements, e.g., diaphragm and intercostals
  • Upper airway muscles, e.g., laryngeal, pharyngeal and tongue (cilia)
  • Produce reflexes to keep airways patent, e.g., cough, sneeze, gag.
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4
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect chemical changes in the surrounding environment.

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5
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect in the respiratory system?

A

In respiratory system chemoreceptors detect changes in PO2, PCO2 and pH in blood.

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6
Q

What is decrease in oxygen called and what is increase in carbon dioxide called?

A

decreases in O2 – hypoxia
increases in CO2 -hypercapnia.

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7
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Located outside the CNS
in region of aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
nestled between baroreceptors

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8
Q

What nerves relay the signal from the chemoreceptors and where is their destination?

A

Information sent via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the nucleus in brainstem called NTS.

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9
Q

What is the NTS and where is it?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in dorsal portion of brainstem in medulla

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10
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to and what value?

A

respond to decreases in PO2
(hypoxia) <60mmHg

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11
Q

What happens during hypoxia?

A
  • Reduction in arterial PO2
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated.
  • Neural signals sent from carotid and aortic bodies to NTS in brainstem.
  • Ventilation increases to restore PO2 levels.
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12
Q

What is the ventilatory response to hypoxia?

A

Below 60 mmHg there is a progressive hyperventilation.

Hypoxic response originates in carotid and aortic bodies.

Play little part in the moment to moment control of breathing.

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13
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors and what do they respond to?

A

Central chemoreceptors
are clusters of neurones in the brainstem that are activated when PCO2 is increased (hypercapnia) or pH decreased.

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14
Q

What happens during hypercapnia?

A
  • Increase in arterial PCO2

-Central chemoreceptors (brainstem neurones) stimulated.

  • Signals processed and information passed on to neuronal clusters in brainstem involved in
    generating breathing.
  • Ventilation increases to restore PCO2 levels.
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15
Q

What is the ventilatory response to hypercapnia?

A

Very small changes in PCO2 have large effects on ventilation (unlike O2).

Hypercapnic response originates in central chemoreceptors in brainstem.

Plays major role in moment to moment control of breathing.

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16
Q

Why do very small changes in co2 pressure have larger effects than o2 pressure?

A

Even small changes in CO2 levels can have large effects on the pH of the blood and the body’s overall acid-base balance.

O2 is not directly involved in regulating the body’s acid-base balance. The body has multiple mechanisms for adjusting O2 levels, including changes in breathing rate and depth, and adjustments in the delivery of O2 to the tissues via changes in blood flow.

17
Q

What does CO2 drive?

A

moment to moment breathing

18
Q

What are mechanoreceptors and what role do they play in the respiratory system?

A

Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect changes in pressure, movement and touch.

In respiratory system mechanoreceptors detect movement of lung and chest wall.

E.g., during inspiration mechanoreceptors detect inflation of lungs and movement of chest.

19
Q

What activates mechanoreceptors?

A

Inflation of lungs activates

20
Q

What nerve are neural signals sent from the mechanoreceptors to the NTS?

A

vagus

21
Q

What is an example of a mechanoreceptor location?

A

Receptor location: Airway smooth muscle.
Stimulus: Inflation/distension of airways.
Reflex: Termination of inspiration.

Receptor location: Airway epithelium.
Stimulus: Rapid lung inflation or deflation, or oedema.
Reflex: Sigh or shortened expiration.

22
Q

What does the NTS receive information from?

A

Receives information from
mechanoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors.

23
Q

What is NTS information processed by?

A

processed in brainstem by (ventral) respiratory neurones.

24
Q

What do the cluster of respiratory neurones in brainstem generate?

A

generate rhythm of breathing

25
Q

Where is the rhythmic signal sent to?

A

sent to the respiratory muscles.

26
Q

What are the two types of respiratory neurones?

A

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group

27
Q

In rhythm (VRG) generating neurones, what is the type of neurones?

A

inspiratory
expiratory but mostly expiratory

28
Q

What do rhythmic (VRG) neurones do?

A

Sends information which then trigger respiratory muscles to contract

29
Q

What neurones control the rhythm and pattern?

A

ventral respiratory group

30
Q

What does the NTS do?

A

convery information to VRG

31
Q

What can affect the firing of signals in rhythmic neurones?

A

The firing in rhythm can increase or decrease due to signals from chemoreceptors

32
Q

What is the path of output from brainstem to respiratory muscles?

A

Brainstem neurones produce rhythmic output.

Rhythmic neural signals sent to spinal cord.

Phrenic nerve exits spinal cord at
cervical spinal cord level 3-5.

Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm.

Nerves exiting thoracic spinal cord
innervate intercostal muscles.

33
Q

What are the three groups of receptors found in the brainstem?

A

Pontine respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
Dorsal respiratory group (NTS)

34
Q

What does higher centre modulation include and where is it?

A

volitional and emotional
cerebral cortex
limbic system
hypothalamus

35
Q

Which respiratory group only has inspiratory neurones?

A

Dorsal
NTS

Physiology 1 (25 decks)

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