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Physiology 1 > Regulation of Fluid/Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Regulation of Fluid/Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

How much sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

65%

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2
Q

How much sodium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?

A

25%

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3
Q

How much sodium is reabsorbed in the DCT?

A

8%

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4
Q

What hormones affect the volume of urine?

A

ADH, Aldosterone, ANP

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5
Q

What do ADH and Aldosterone do?

A

insert aquaporin and sodium channels causing urine to become concentrated and little

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6
Q

What does ANP do?

A

inhibits effects of ADH and Aldosterone - removes channels

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7
Q

What can a increase in BP trigger?

A

release of ANP

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8
Q

What can a decrease in BP trigger?

A

release of Aldosterone and ADH

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9
Q

What factors influence Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A
  • Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure
  • Capsular hydrostatic pressure
  • Glomerular Osmotic pressure
  • Systemic blood pressure
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldoterone system
  • Disease
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10
Q

What does the juxta-glomerular apparatus do?

A

Measures and responds to changes in Na+ conc of the filtrate

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11
Q

What does the juxta-glomerular apparatus connect?

A

connects the distal convoluted tubule with the glomerulus

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12
Q

What are the cells of the juxta-glomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa
juxta-glomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells)
mesangial cells

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13
Q

What is the role of the macula dense cells?

A

detect sodium concentration

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14
Q

What is the role of the juxta-glomerular cells

A

Adjust the diameter of the afferent arteriole via vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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15
Q

What is the role of the mesangial cells

A

supporting cells

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16
Q

What does blood pressure drive?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

17
Q

What do macula densa cells release to drive vasoconstriction during low BP?

A

prostaglandins

18
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells release to drive RAAS during low BP?

19
Q

What do macula densa cells release to drive vasodilation during high BP?

A

adenosine which directs juxta-glomerular cells to constrict the afferent arteriole

20
Q

What are the steps of the renin- angiotensiogen system?

A
  1. Angiotensinogen released into circulation
  2. Renin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensinogen converting enzyme coverts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
  4. Angiotensin II potent vasoconstrictor – rapidly increases blood pressure
21
Q

Where is ACE produced primarily?

A

in the vascular endothelium of lungs

22
Q

Where does angiotensin 2 bind?

A

receptors on:
1. Arterioles - constriction
2. Hypothalamus- thirst (encourage fluid)
3. Pituitary gland – release of
ADH
4. Adrenal cortex-release of
aldosterone

23
Q

Where is ANP released from?

A

atria of the heart

24
Q

What causes the release of ANP?

A

baroreceptors detect rise of BP in heart

25
As kidney function decreases, what also decreases?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
26
What does the GFR tell the kidneys?
the systemic blood pressure
27
What are the consequences of reduced kidney function due to CKD?
o Inadequate removal of fluid and waste products of metabolism o Inappropriate activation of RAAS (hypertension)
28
Why is CKD a high risk for cardiovascular?
hypertension
29
Why can hypertension cause CKD?
damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood flow
30
Why is diabetes a high risk for CDK and cardiovascular?
hyperglycaemia affects bloodflow (low blood flow)
31
What are the causes of CDK?
* Hypertension * Diabetes * High Cholesterol * Kidney Infections * Glomerulonephritis * Polycystic kidney disease * Kidney stones * Long-term use of NSAIDS
32
What are symptoms of CDK?
* Hypertension * Nausea * Oedema (ankles, hands or feet, lungs) * Blood/protein in urine * Anaemia * Weak/painful bones
33
How can hypertension be regulated?
* Diet (reduce to salt intake)/weight loss * Diuretics (furosemide) * ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) * Aldosterone agonists (nuclear receptors or sodium channels)
34
Where does furosemide bind?
NKCC2
35
What % function is stage 5 CKD characterised by?
15%
36
What is required at stage 5 CKD?
transplant/ dialysis
37
What is dialysis?
Artificial removal of waste, solutes, water and toxins from blood
38
What are the types of dialysis?
* Haemodialysis * Peritoneal dialysis

Physiology 1 (25 decks)

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