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Physiology 1 > Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

Involuntary activities in
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Organs
Various glands

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

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3
Q

What nerves does the parasympathetic NS affect?

A

cranial nerves
oculomotor (3), facial (7), glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10)

spinal nerves
sacral 2-4

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4
Q

What nerves does the sympathetic NS affect?

A

spinal nerves
thorax 1 - lumbar 2

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5
Q

Where is the ganglion in a parasympathetic neuron of the ANS?

A

close to effector organ

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6
Q

Where is the ganglion in a sympathetic neuron of the ANS?

A

midway between preganglionic neuron and (post)ganglionic neuron

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7
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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8
Q

What is the endocrine component of the sympathetic NS?

A

Adrenal medulla - produces and releases adrenaline into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Where does the para NS generally have actions?

A

eyes, mouth and nose, lungs, heart, digestive tract, waste removal, reproductive system

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10
Q

What are the conservative, anabolic effects of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Storing energy - digestion etc- Slowing heart

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11
Q

Where does the sympathetic NS generally have actions?

A

more widespread action - often affecting the whole body
associated with homeostasis - blood pressure, thermoregulation
fight, flight or fright
meeting demands of active muscles

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12
Q

What gland releases adrenaline?

A

adrenal medulla

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13
Q

What parts of the body does the ANS affect?

A

smooth muscle (blood vessels in various parts of the body, bronchi and bronchioles),

heart (gastro-intestinal tract, rate and force of contraction),

glands (salivary glands, gastro-intestinal glands and sweat glands),

metabolism

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14
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system NOT control?

A

BREATHING

skeletal muscles controlled by somatic nerves e.g. phrenic innervates the diaphragm

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15
Q

How does the ANS affect the GIT/heart?

A

GI Tract: circulation reduced when inactive to increase the volume of blood to other organs and muscles

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16
Q

What are the effects of the autonomic NS on heart rate?

A

sympathetic - increases heart rate and. contraction force

parasympathetic - decreases

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17
Q

What is the metabolism connection to ANS?

A

parasympathetic NS - stores energy

sympathetic NS - makes energy available to organs

18
Q

What is the ANS effect on the iris (radial and sphincter muscles)?

A

parasympathetic - contraction

sympathetic - contraction

19
Q

What is the ANS effect on ciliary muscle?

A

parasympathetic - contraction

sympathetic - relaxation

20
Q

What is the ANS effect on salivary glands?

A

parasympathetic - copious, watery

sympathetic - viscous, low volume

both cause secretion but of different qualities

21
Q

What is the ANS effect on lacrimal glands?

A

parasympathetic - secretion

sympathetic - none

22
Q

What is the ANS effect on nasal glands?

A

parasympathetic - secretion

sympathetic - none

23
Q

What is the ANS effect on blood vessels?

A

sympathetic - alpha 1 receptors cause constriction, beta 2 receptors cause dilations

parasympathetic - none

24
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

25
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine between pre and postganglionic neurons and noradrenaline at postganglionic

26
Q

Why does noradrenaline have different effects on different organs?

A

due to different receptors

27
Q

What are the two different types of receptors and what system do they belong to?

A

parasympathetic - cholingeric - involves acetylcholine

sympathetic - adrenergic - involves noradrenaline

28
Q

What does the alpha ANS receptor do?

A

A1 - contraction of smooth muscle, glands and organs, peripheral blood vessels

A2 - inhibits at pre-synaptic terminals to reduce sympathetic effects

29
Q

What do the beta ANS receptors do?

A

B1 - stimulate heart and juxtaglomerular cells, increases HR, BP and contraction

B2 - relaxation of smooth muscle, glands and organs, relax bronchioles and airways

30
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

beta-blockers, block beta-1 receptors only so their effects are restricted to the heart, propranolol for anxiety

31
Q

What do many local anaesthetic preparations contain?

A

adrenaline which is used as a vasoconstrictor

32
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

muscarinic, nicotinic

33
Q

Where is a muscarinic receptor?

A

post-ganglion, neuro-effector junctions blocked by atropine

34
Q

What are the effects of atropine?

A

increases the heart rate, reduces fluid by blocking the parasympathetic influences on the heart.

35
Q

Where is a nicotinic receptor?

A

pre-ganglion, post-ganglion, neuromuscular junctions

36
Q

What transmitter works on the sympathetic system and where?

A

acetylcholine at the synapse of pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons and noradrenaline at the effecter organ

37
Q

What is the different receptor effects of noradrenaline on smooth muscle?

A

Alpha Receptor
contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

Beta Receptor
relaxation of smooth muscle in smooth muscle in bronchi (bronchodilation)

38
Q

What are alpha and beta receptors a part of?

A

adrenergic (sympathetic)

39
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors and what is their effect?

A

Alpha 1, Beta 1 = Excitatory effect
Alpha 2, Beta 2 = inhibitory effect

40
Q

Where is each of the adrenergic receptors found?

A

Alpha 1 = smooth muscle, glands, organs
Beta 1 = heart, kidneys

Alpha 2 = pre-synaptic (ganglion) inhibition
Beta 2 = smooth muscle, glands, organs

41
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors and where are they found?

A

nicotinic = found in the pre-ganglionic synapse of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

muscarinic = found at the post-ganglion where the effector organ is

Physiology 1 (25 decks)

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