Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 1

What does the ANS control?

Answer 1

Involuntary activities in
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Organs
Various glands

Question 2

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

Answer 2

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

Question 3

What nerves does the parasympathetic NS affect?

Answer 3

cranial nerves
oculomotor (3), facial (7), glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10)

spinal nerves
sacral 2-4

Question 4

What nerves does the sympathetic NS affect?

Answer 4

spinal nerves
thorax 1 - lumbar 2

Question 5

Where is the ganglion in a parasympathetic neuron of the ANS?

Answer 5

close to effector organ

Question 6

Where is the ganglion in a sympathetic neuron of the ANS?

Answer 6

midway between preganglionic neuron and (post)ganglionic neuron

Question 7

What is the ganglion?

Answer 7

collection of neuron cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

Question 8

What is the endocrine component of the sympathetic NS?

Answer 8

Adrenal medulla - produces and releases adrenaline into the bloodstream

Question 9

Where does the para NS generally have actions?

Answer 9

eyes, mouth and nose, lungs, heart, digestive tract, waste removal, reproductive system

Question 10

What are the conservative, anabolic effects of the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 10

Storing energy - digestion etc- Slowing heart

Question 11

Where does the sympathetic NS generally have actions?

Answer 11

more widespread action - often affecting the whole body
associated with homeostasis - blood pressure, thermoregulation
fight, flight or fright
meeting demands of active muscles

Question 12

What gland releases adrenaline?

Answer 12

adrenal medulla

Question 13

What parts of the body does the ANS affect?

Answer 13

smooth muscle (blood vessels in various parts of the body, bronchi and bronchioles),

heart (gastro-intestinal tract, rate and force of contraction),

glands (salivary glands, gastro-intestinal glands and sweat glands),

metabolism

Question 14

What does the autonomic nervous system NOT control?

Answer 14

BREATHING

skeletal muscles controlled by somatic nerves e.g. phrenic innervates the diaphragm

Question 15

How does the ANS affect the GIT/heart?

Answer 15

GI Tract: circulation reduced when inactive to increase the volume of blood to other organs and muscles

Question 16

What are the effects of the autonomic NS on heart rate?

Answer 16

sympathetic - increases heart rate and. contraction force

parasympathetic - decreases

Question 17

What is the metabolism connection to ANS?

Answer 17

parasympathetic NS - stores energy

sympathetic NS - makes energy available to organs

Question 18

What is the ANS effect on the iris (radial and sphincter muscles)?

Answer 18

parasympathetic - contraction

sympathetic - contraction

Question 19

What is the ANS effect on ciliary muscle?

Answer 19

parasympathetic - contraction

sympathetic - relaxation

Question 20

What is the ANS effect on salivary glands?

Answer 20

parasympathetic - copious, watery

sympathetic - viscous, low volume

both cause secretion but of different qualities

Question 21

What is the ANS effect on lacrimal glands?

Answer 21

parasympathetic - secretion

sympathetic - none

Question 22

What is the ANS effect on nasal glands?

Answer 22

parasympathetic - secretion

sympathetic - none

Question 23

What is the ANS effect on blood vessels?

Answer 23

sympathetic - alpha 1 receptors cause constriction, beta 2 receptors cause dilations

parasympathetic - none

Question 24

What neurotransmitter acts on the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 24

acetylcholine

Question 25

What neurotransmitter(s) acts on the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

acetylcholine between pre and postganglionic neurons and noradrenaline at postganglionic

Question 26

Why does noradrenaline have different effects on different organs?

Answer 26

due to different receptors

Question 27

What are the two different types of receptors and what system do they belong to?

Answer 27

parasympathetic - cholingeric - involves acetylcholine sympathetic - adrenergic - involves noradrenaline

Question 28

What does the alpha ANS receptor do?

Answer 28

A1 - contraction of smooth muscle, glands and organs, peripheral blood vessels A2 - inhibits at pre-synaptic terminals to reduce sympathetic effects

Question 29

What do the beta ANS receptors do?

Answer 29

B1 - stimulate heart and juxtaglomerular cells, increases HR, BP and contraction B2 - relaxation of smooth muscle, glands and organs, relax bronchioles and airways

Question 30

What do beta blockers do?

Answer 30

beta-blockers, block beta-1 receptors only so their effects are restricted to the heart, propranolol for anxiety

Question 31

What do many local anaesthetic preparations contain?

Answer 31

adrenaline which is used as a vasoconstrictor

Question 32

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 32

muscarinic, nicotinic

Question 33

Where is a muscarinic receptor?

Answer 33

post-ganglion, neuro-effector junctions blocked by atropine

Question 34

What are the effects of atropine?

Answer 34

increases the heart rate, reduces fluid by blocking the parasympathetic influences on the heart.

Question 35

Where is a nicotinic receptor?

Answer 35

pre-ganglion, post-ganglion, neuromuscular junctions

Question 36

What transmitter works on the sympathetic system and where?

Answer 36

acetylcholine at the synapse of pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons and noradrenaline at the effecter organ

Question 37

What is the different receptor effects of noradrenaline on smooth muscle?

Answer 37

Alpha Receptor contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) Beta Receptor relaxation of smooth muscle in smooth muscle in bronchi (bronchodilation)

Question 38

What are alpha and beta receptors a part of?

Answer 38

adrenergic (sympathetic)

Question 39

What are the types of adrenergic receptors and what is their effect?

Answer 39

Alpha 1, Beta 1 = Excitatory effect Alpha 2, Beta 2 = inhibitory effect

Question 40

Where is each of the adrenergic receptors found?

Answer 40

Alpha 1 = smooth muscle, glands, organs Beta 1 = heart, kidneys Alpha 2 = pre-synaptic (ganglion) inhibition Beta 2 = smooth muscle, glands, organs

Question 41

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors and where are they found?

Answer 41

nicotinic = found in the pre-ganglionic synapse of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems muscarinic = found at the post-ganglion where the effector organ is