Kidney Structure

Question 1

What is the primary function of our kidney’s?

Answer 1

Maintain our internal fluid homeostasis

Question 2

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 2

Nephron

Question 3

Which structure is the primary site of blood filtration?

Answer 3

Renal corpuscle

Question 4

Which of the following is the primary force that drives glomerular filtration?

Answer 4

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

What substance is typically measured to give an indication of the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 5

Creatinine

Question 6

What diseases does oral health impact?

Answer 6

Cardiovascular disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Respiratory diseases
Diabetes
Kidney disease

Question 7

What two ways can oral health impact the rest of the body?

Answer 7

pathogens can disseminate from the mouth to the body
chronic inflammation

Question 8

What are the two roles of the kidney?

Answer 8

Process blood and rid the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

Maintain internal homeostasis of fluid

Question 9

What two components of blood affect B.P?

Answer 9

fluid
electrolytes

Question 10

What other components in blood do the kidney’s maintain?

Answer 10

Acid/base
Calcium/vitamin D metabolism
Erythropoietin

Question 11

What are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 11

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 12

Where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 12

Lie behind peritoneal cavity (retroperitoneal)

Question 13

What are the kidney’s surrounded by?

Answer 13

fatty tissue called the renal fat pad

Question 14

What are the 3 parts of the kidney?

Answer 14

cortex, medulla, pelvis

Question 15

What does the cortex do?

Answer 15

contains 85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons).

Question 16

What does the medulla do?

Answer 16

the site where urine is concentrated
prevents excessive water loss.

Question 17

What does the pelvis do?

Answer 17

collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter.

Question 18

What are the kidney’s encased by?

Answer 18

fibrous capsule

Question 19

What % of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

What are the vessels of the kidneys?

Answer 20

afferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)

Question 21

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 21

Juxtamedullary nephrons have very long loops of henle, which help concentrate urine and preserve water

Juxtamedullary - next to medulla

Question 22

What composes the renal corpuscle?

Answer 22

Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule

Question 23

What is the primary site of reabsorption and secretion?

Answer 23

Renal tubule

Question 24

What composes the renal tubule?

Answer 24

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 25

What is the network of fine capillaries in the glomerulus surrounded by?

Answer 25

bowman's capsule

Question 26

What are the characteristics of the capillaries?

Answer 26

Network of fine capillaries Single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane Fenestrated

Question 27

What feature in capillaries allows enables rapid filtration of blood plasma?

Answer 27

Fenestrated

Question 28

What shape is the bowman's capsule?

Answer 28

cuplike

Question 29

What is the structure of the bowman's capsule?

Answer 29

Two layers with a space in-between called the bowman's space where filtered fluid is collected from the nephron

Question 30

What are the layers in bowman's capsule?

Answer 30

Partial outer layer of simple squamous epithelium Visceral inner layer of specialised epithelium (podcytes)

Question 31

What wraps around the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 31

The long branched processes (pedicels) of podocytes

Question 32

What forms the filtration barrier?

Answer 32

glomerular endothelium basement membrane pedicels

Question 33

What do pedicels share a basement membrane with?

Answer 33

fenestrated endothelium

Question 34

What can pass through the filtration barrier and what cannot?

Answer 34

Freely permeable to water and small molecules NOT large proteins or cells

Question 35

Where does unfiltered blood arrive at?

Answer 35

glomerulus via the afferent arteriole

Question 36

Where does the filtered blood exit?

Answer 36

glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Question 37

Where is there high pressure and what type of pressure is it?

Answer 37

High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

Question 38

What are examples of waste products?

Answer 38

Urea and creatinine

Question 39

What substances are filtered?

Answer 39

Water Glucose Amino acids Urea Creatinine Sodium Chloride Calcium Phosphate Potassium Bicarbonate

Question 40

What substances cannot be filtered?

Answer 40

Cells Large proteins (Haemoglobin) Negatively charged proteins (albumin)

Question 41

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Answer 41

The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

Question 42

What pressures counteract the glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 42

hydrostatic pressure in the bowman’s capsule glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 43

What dictates the GFR?

Answer 43

sum of forces

Question 44

What factors influences the GFR?

Answer 44

Hydrostatic pressure Osmotic pressure Systemic blood pressure Renin-angiotensin system Disease

Question 45

What is the normal GFR per min?

Answer 45

125ml/min

Question 46

What disease reduces GFR?

Answer 46

CKD

Question 47

What does reduced GFR mean?

Answer 47

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal waste products accumulate in blood

Question 48

What stage is CKD usually diagnosed at?

Answer 48

stage 3

Question 49

What % of water is reabsorbed?

Answer 49

99%

Question 50

What is an indicator of infection if found in urine?

Answer 50

proteins RBCs and WBCs