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ABA > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

direct assessment

A

target behavior (or antecedents and consequences) observed or recorded as it occurs

-more accurate and desired

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2
Q

indirect assessment

A

information of target behavior from others

-interview, questionnaires

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3
Q

continuous recording

A

record each instance of behavior, frequency as rate (# of occurrence divided by duration

pros/cons:
-records all instances, but time and behavior intensive

-records frequency, duration, latency or intensity

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4
Q

interval recording

A

divide observation into intervals of same length

-record presence or absence of behavior in intervals

pros/cons:
-don’t need to observe entire time per interval

-bases rate on smaller amount of data

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5
Q

functional relationship

A

relationship between behavior and event only and if the target behavior (DV) changes when IV (event) changes, including in replication

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6
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior is followed by reinforcing consequence, making it more likely to occur in the future

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7
Q

respondent conditioning

A

neutral stimulus us paired w/ unconditioned stimulus (US)

-US elicits unconditioned response (UR)

-pairing of neutral stimulus w/ US -> neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a response similar to the UR called a conditioned response (CR)

(UR + CR, US -> UR, CS -> CR)

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8
Q

pos. reinforcement

A

+ stimulus, + probability

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9
Q

neg. reinforcement

A
  • or avoidance of aversive stimulus, + probability
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10
Q

consequence

A

stimulus or event immediately occurring after a behavior

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11
Q

antecedent

A

stimulus or event that precedes target behavior

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12
Q

primary/unconditioned reinforcer

A

naturally reinforcing stimulus because being strengthened by it has survival value

-no prior conditioning needed

-food, water, escape from extreme stimulation, sexual contact

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13
Q

primary/unconditioned punisher

A

naturally punishing stimulus because avoiding or minimizing contact w/ it has survival value

-no prior conditioning needed

-painful stimuli, extreme lvls. of stimulation

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14
Q

secondary/conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus once neutral but established as reinforcer by being paired w/ unconditioned or existing reinforcer

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15
Q

escape

A

termination of adverse stimulus that was present when behavior occurred, which negatively reinforces behavior

(i.e., shock -> jump away)

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16
Q

avoidance

A

aversive stimulus hasn’t occurred yet, behavior stops occurrence, negatively reinforcing it

(i.e. dog approaches electric fence -> collar beeps -> dog stops)

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17
Q

motivating operation (MO)

A

antecedent stimulus or event that alters value of reinforcer or probability of behavior producing reinforcement

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18
Q

establishing operation (EO)

A

makes reinforcer more potent and evokes behavior that produces that reinforcer

-deprivation: not having access to reinforcer for amount of time

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19
Q

abolishing operation (AO)

A

makes reinforcer or punisher less potent, makes behavior that produces that reinforcer less likely to occur

-satiation: consume large amount of reinforcer

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20
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

specifies which responses will be followed by delivery of the reinforcer

continuous: every response followed by reinforcer
intermittent: not every response is followed

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21
Q

extinction (operant)

A

previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by reinforcing consequences

-frequency of behavior decreases in the future

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22
Q

extinction burst

A

behavior bit reinforced increases in frequency, duration and intensity, and decreases

-novel behavior may occur

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23
Q

discriminative stimulus (SD)

A

stimulus that’s present when behavior is reinforced

-availability

-(i.e., red light -> pigeon pecks -> food)

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24
Q

s-delta

A

stimulus that is present when a behavior isn’t reinforced

(i.e., green light -> pigeon pecks -> no food)

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25
Q

stimulus generalization

A

process in which behavior occurs in presence of antecedent stimuli that are similar to the SD present when behavior was reinforced

-defined as occurrence of target behavior in a non training situation after
training

(i.e., MEN on flashcard -> says “men” -> praise -> sees MEN on sign -> says “men,” or fear of all dogs)

26
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

process in which behavior is reinforced when SD is present and extinct when S-delta is present, increases likelihood of response

-i.e., fear of one type of dog

27
Q

pos. punishment

A

+ adverse stimulus, - probability

-i.e., touch stove -> don’t touch

28
Q

neg. punishment

A
  • adverse stimulus, - probability

-i.e., home late -> take car -> don’t come home late

29
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR) because the UR has survival value

-no prior conditioning needed for US to elicit a UR

i.e., Pavlov’s meat powder

30
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

response elicited by unconditioned stimulus

i.e., salivation

31
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

pairs with unconditioned stimulus and elicits no response at first

32
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that’s been paired with unconditioned stimulus

-one established, elicits CR similar to UR elicited by US

33
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

elicited by a conditioned stimulus, which acquires power to elicit the CR by repeated pairing w/ an US or other CR

34
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

when NS is paired w/ established CS a number of times, the NS becomes a CS that will elicit CR

i.e., air (US) + click (NS) -> blink (UR), click (CS) -> blink (CR), click (CS) + light (NS) -> blink (CR), light (CS) -< blink (CR)

35
Q

extinction (respondent)

A

when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the CS gradually ceases to produce the conditioned response (CR)

-i.e., metronome (CS) not paired w/ meat powder (US) -> no salivation

36
Q

shaping

A

reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

-use to establish a novel topography or dimension of behavior

-moves forward, usually 1 response

37
Q

successive approximation

A

behavior that more closely resembles target behavior

-starts w/ reinforcement of first approximation, a behavior currently exhibited

-after first approximation is strengthened through reinforcement, its extinguished

-a closer approximation occurs and is reinforced

-process continues until person exhibits target behavior

(i.e., babbling, word sounds, part words, whole words, strings of words, sentences)

38
Q

behavior chain

A

complex behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence

39
Q

chaining procedures

A

used to teach a person to engage in a chain of behaviors

-includes backward and forward chaining, total task presentation, written task analysis, picture prompts, and self-instructions

40
Q

functional assessment

A

gather information about antecedents and consequences related to problem behavior

-gives information of time, place, people, preceding events, frequency, alternative behavior, MO, reinforcers

-includes indirect assessment, direct observation, and functional analysis

41
Q

functional analysis

A

manipulation of antecedents and consequences to show functional relationship between variables

42
Q

function-based intervention

A

interventions (extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent control) that decrease problem behaviors without the use of punishment by

-modify the antecedents and consequences to control the behaviors

43
Q

differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)

A

procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered after intervals of time in which the problem behavior does not occur

-reinforcing the absence of the problem behavior

44
Q

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

A

procedure for decreasing problem behavior by reinforcing a functionally equivalent alternative behavior (a competing behavior) to replace the problem behavior

45
Q

non-contingent reinforcement

A

continuous access to a reinforcer that is independent of a specific behavior

46
Q

time-out

A

loss of access to pos. reinforcers fora brief period contingent on the problem behavior

-results in decrease in future probability of problem behavior

47
Q

response cost

A

removal of amount of reinforcer contingent on problem behavior

47
Q

response cost

A

removal of amount of reinforcer contingent on problem behavior

48
Q

overcorrection

A

positive punishment procedure in which, contingent on the problem behavior, a person is required to engage in effortful activity for a brief period

-pos. practice (client is required to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior until behavior has been repeated a number of times

-restitution (client is required to correct the environmental effect of the problem behavior and to bring the environment to a condition better than that which existed before the problem behavior)

49
Q

prompt

A

increase likelihood that person will engage correct behavior at the correct time

-involve behavior of trainer (response prompts) or environmental stimuli (stimulus prompts)

50
Q

prompt dependence

A

person has behavior in repertoire but waits for prompt before doing it

-common when prompts aren’t faded properly or when reinforcement schedule doesn’t support independent responses

-mostly seen with verbal prompt, can be fixed by reinforcing only independent responses

51
Q

token

A

conditioner reinforcer used in token economy

-something delivered to someone immediately after an appropriate behavior

-accumulated by the person, and exchanged for established or backup reinforcers

52
Q

backup reinforcer

A

reinforcer used within token economy

-given to client based off payment of a certain amount of tokens

53
Q

backup reinforcer

A

reinforcer used in token economy

-given to client based off payment of a certain amount of tokens

54
Q

interdependent group contingency

A

all group members of the group must meet criterion before any member receives the consequence.

-“all or none” procedure

55
Q

dependent (hero) group contingency

A

reward for group is based on performance of individual or collection of individuals in a group

-hero: individual earns reward for whole group

56
Q

behavioral contract

A

a.k.a. contingency contracts

-written document that specifies a target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in a stated period of time

57
Q

quid pro quo contract

A

2 party contract in which 2 people each specify a behavior that they will change in return for the behavior change of the other person

58
Q

parallel contract

A

2 party contract in which 2 people seek behavior change

-both specify their behavior to be changed and the consequence of their behavior

-contract behaviors and consequences are independent of each other

59
Q

systematic desensitization

A

procedure sued to treat fear or phobia, person learns relaxation

-develop hierarchy of fear-producing situation

-relax and imagine hierarchy to replace fear with relaxation

60
Q

flooding

A

person is exposed to feared stimulus t full intensity for prolonged period until anxiety subsides in presence of feared stimulus

ABA (18 decks)

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