Quiz 13 (Ch. 15) Flashcards
differential reinforcement procedures
applying reinforcement and extinction
-increase occurrence of a desirable target behavior or decrease occurrence of target behavior
3 types of differential reinforcement procedures
1) differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
2) differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
3) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)
differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
increase frequency of desirable behavior (reinforcement) and decrease frequency of undesirable behaviors (extinction)
-desirable behavior Is reinforced each time it occurs and undesirable behaviors aren’t reinforced
–decrease in future probability of undesirable behaviors
when to use DRA
answer 3 questions:
1) Do you want to increase the rate of a desirable behavior?
2) Is the behavior occurring at least occasionally?
3) Do you have access to a reinforcer that you can deliver after the occurrence of the behavior?
how to use DRA
define desirable behavior
-define undesirable behavior
-identify reinforcer
–use reinforcer that’s maintaining undesirable behavior
–observe person and note which activities or interests they pursue
–ask questions
–try various stimuli and see which one person prefers (preference assessment)
3 ways to conduct preference assessment
1) single stimulus
2) paired stimulus
3) multiple stimulus
-researcher identifies potential reinforcers, presents them to person, and records which one they approach
-to determine that the item did function a a reinforcer, deliver it contingent on a behavior and show the behavior increased (reinforcer assessment)
single stimulus assessment
each potential reinforcer is presented one at a time to see if individual approaches stimulus or not
-researcher calculates percentage of times that individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers
paired stimulus assessment
a.k.a. forced choice or paired choice procedure
-2 potential reinforcers are presented to individual and researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches the stimulus or not
-each stimulus from a pool of potential reinforcers is presented with every other stimulus multiple times
-researcher calculates percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate with stimuli are likely to be reinforcers
multiple stimulus assessment
a.k.a. multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) procedure
-array of potential reinforcers is presented to individual and researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual chooses first
-stimulus is removed from array and researcher records which stimulus the individual chooses next until individual chose all stimuli
-array of stimuli presented a number of times in different locations
another technique to assess reinforcers
make each potential reinforcer contingent on an operant response
-if frequency or duration of response increases when stimulus is contingent on response -> stimulus is a reinforcer
how to identify reinforcers
observe client and identify reinforcer for problem behavior
-observe client and identify high-rate behaviors
-ask client, parents, or teachers, use reinforcer questionnaires
-present potential reinforcers and measure approach behaviors
–single, paired, multiple stimulus assessment
-present potential reinforcers contingent on operant response and measure response rate or duration
using differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
1) define desirable behavior
2) define undesirable behaviors
3) identify reinforcer
4) reinforce desirable behavior immediately and consistently
5) eliminate reinforcement for undesirable behaviors
6) use intermittent reinforcement to maintain target behavior
7) program for generalization
variations of DRA
1) differential reinforcement of an incompatible behavior (DRI)
2) differential reinforcement of communication (DRC) or functional communication training
differential reinforcement of an incompatible behavior (DRI)
alternative behavior is physically incompatible with problem behavior
-two behaviors can’t occur simultaneously
differential reinforcement of communication (DRC) or functional communication training
alternative behavior that’s reinforced to replace problem behavior is a communication response
-individual with problem behavior learns to make communication response that’s equivalent to problem behavior
-when communication produces the same reinforcing outcomes as the problem behavior, there is no reason for the problem behavior to occur
differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
zero rate of the behavior, reinforcement for not responding
-reinforcer is contingent on absence of problem behavior
-reinforcer isn’t delivered after problem behavior (extinction)
-reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behavior doesn’t occur, problem behavior decreases through extinction, and time periods without problem behavior should increase
-although other behaviors may occur when problem behavior isn’t occurring, don’t identify other behavior to reinforce in place of problem behavior
if one’s implementing DRO
1) identify reinforcer for problem behavior
2) identify reinforcer to use in DRO procedure
3) choose initial DRO time interval
4) eliminate reinforcer for problem behavior and deliver reinforcer for absence of problem behavior
5) reset interval if problem behavior occurs
6) gradually increase interval length
1) identify reinforcer for problem behavior
-one exception would be if reinforcer for absence of problem behavior is more potent than reinforcer for problem behavior
–another would be using other procedure to decrease problem behavior while using DRO
2) identify reinforcer to use in DRO procedure
-if one is going to reinforce the absence of problem behavior, use a consequence that functions as a reinforcer for that particular person
—one consequence certain to function as a reinforcer for the person is the reinforcer for the problem behavior identified in functional assessment
–if the reinforcing event is maintaining the problem behavior, this reinforcer should be effective in a DRO procedure when its made contingent on absence of problem behavior
3) choose initial DRO time interval
length should be tied to baseline rate of problem behavior
-choose length that will result in high probability of reinforcement
4) eliminate reinforcer for problem behavior and deliver reinforcer for absence of problem behavior
change agent must be taught how to implement procedure
–instructed to eliminated reinforcer for problem behavior and delivery reinforcer at end of each interval in which problem behavior doesn’t occur
–times DRO interval, at end of each interval the stopwatch cues agent to deliver reinforcer if problem behavior hasn’t occurred
whole-interval DRO
problem behavior must be absent for whole interval for reinforcer to be reinforced
monetary DRO
problem behavior must be absent at end of the interval for reinforcer to be delivered
differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)
reinforcer delivered contingent on lower rate of responding during period of time
-reinforcer is delivered when rate of problem behavior is decreased to a criterion lvl.
-don’t reinforce absence of behavior
-used when low rate of problem behavior can be tolerated or when behavior is a problem due to its high rate
ways DRL schedules can be programmed
1) full-session DRL
2) spaced-responding DRL
3) interval DRL
full-session DRL
reinforcement is delivered if fewer than a specified # of responses occur in a period of time
-change agent specifies maximum # of responses that occur in the session for the reinforcer to be delivered
-at end of session, if # of responses is fewer than the specified #, the change agent delivers the reinforcer
spaced-responding DRL
specified amount of time between responses for reinforcer to be delivered
-objective is to pace behavior, when behavior occurs at end of interval, behavior is reinforced
-if behavior occurs before end of the DRL interval, behavior isn’t reinforced and interval is reset
interval DRL
dividing session into intervals and providing reinforcer if no more than one response occurred in each interval
-entails average time between each response
implementing DRL procedures
1) determine whether DRL is appropriate procedure to use
2) determine acceptable lvl. of behavior
3) decide whether to implement full-session or spaced-responding
4) inform client about procedure so they know criterion for reinforcement
5) give client feedback on their performance when implementing DRL procedure
1) determine whether DRL is appropriate procedure to use
-goal is to decrease rate of behavior but not to eliminate behavior
2) determine acceptable lvl. of behavior
-full-session: decide how many responses per session are acceptable
-spaced-responding: choose interval of time that elapses between each occurrence of behavior
4) inform client about procedure so they know criterion for reinforcement
-full-session DRL: tell client maximum # of responses that’s acceptable in the session
-spaced-responding IRL: tell client how much time you expect each instance of the behavior
5) give client feedback on their performance when implementing URL procedures
-full-session: agent or client keeps track of # of responses in session so client sees when they’re approaching the maximum
-spaced-responding: give method that allows client to keep track of time between responses to help them pace behavior
stereotypic behavior
a.k.a self-stimulatory behaviors
-repetitive behavior that doesn’t serve any social functions for the person
-produce form of sensory stimulation for the person
interresponse time (IRT)
time between occurrence of consecutive responses
