Quiz 8 (Ch. 8) Flashcards
operant behaviors
controlled by consequences
operant conditoning
specific response in particular stimulus situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence
-contingency between response and reinforcer
-SD evokes (has stimulus control) behavior because behavior had been reinforced in its presence
-EO evokes behavior because it increases value of the reinforcer made by behavior
respondent behaviors
UR or CR controlled by antecedent stimuli
-US elicits UR
-CS elicits CR because CS was paired w/ US
respondent conditioning
NS (metronome) acquires power to elicit CR (salivation) because NS been paired with US (meat powder)
-only involves pairing of NS and US
-may be under control of SD
unconditioned responses (URs)
responses elicited by antecedent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has occurred
conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus (metronome) that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder)
conditioned response (CR)
elicited by CS (metronome) acquired power to elicit CR (salivation by its repeated pairing with a US (meat powder) or CS (metronome)
trace conditioning
NS (click) precedes US (air) but NS ends before US is presented
-one of most effective
(i.e., click -> stop click -> air)
delay conditioning
NS (click) presented and US (air) presented before NS ends
-one of most effective
(i.e. click -> air -> stop click)
simultaneous conditioning
NS and US presented at same time
(i.e., click + air)
backward conditioning
US presented before NS
-least effective
(i.e., air -> click)
higher-order conditioning
NS (light) is paired with already established CS (click) and NS becomes CS
(i.e., click + light -> blink, light -> blink)
conditioned emotional responses (CERs)
-Watson and Rayner (1920)
-type of CR in which an emotional response is elicited by CS in respondent conditioning
(i.e., rat (NS), loud sound (US) startle (UR), rat (CS) -> fear (CER)
respondent extinction
CS (metronome) isn’t paired with US (meat powder) and doesn’t elicit CR (salivation)
extinction of operant behavior
behavior doesn’t result in reinforcing consequence
spontaneous recovery
when the CS (metronome) elicits the CR (salivation) after respondent extinction
-magnitude of the CR is smaller and CR should again disappear if US isn’t presented with CS
discrimination
CR (fear) is elicited by single CS (dog) or narrow range of CSs
(i.e., fear of specific dog)
generalization
tendency for CR (fear) to occur in presence of stimuli similar to CS (dog) that was initially paired with US (attack) in respondent conditioning
(i.e. fear of all dogs)
discrimination training
when particular stimulus (S1) (German Shepard) is paired with US (attack), but similar stimuli are presented w/o US, only S1 elicits a CR
factors influencing respondent conditioning
nature of US and CS
-temporal relationship between CS and US
-contingency between CS and US
-number of pairings
-previous exposure to CS
nature of US and CS
intensity of stimulus influences stimulus of CS or US
(i.e., stronger air is more effective as US for eye blink, more painful stimuli is effective as US for autonomic arousal)
salient
a more intense stimulus functioning more effectively as a CS
temporal relationship between NS and US
CS should precede US with short interval between them
contingency between NS and US
CS and US are presented together on every trial
-conditioning is more likely, than if the US isn’t presented after the CS in some trials, or if the US occurs in trials w/o CS
number of pairings
one pairing between NS (crow) and US (attack) is sufficient to establish NS as CS that elicits CR (fear), more pairings produce stronger conditioning
-Rescorla and Wagner (1972) showed the first pairing produces the strongest conditioning
–additional conditioning caused by subsequent pairings decreases
previous exposure to CS
stimulus is less likely to become CS when paired with US if person has been exposed to that stimulus in the past w/o US
