Quiz 8 (Ch. 8)

Question 1

operant behaviors

Answer 1

controlled by consequences

Question 2

operant conditoning

Answer 2

specific response in particular stimulus situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence

-contingency between response and reinforcer

-SD evokes (has stimulus control) behavior because behavior had been reinforced in its presence

-EO evokes behavior because it increases value of the reinforcer made by behavior

Question 3

respondent behaviors

Answer 3

UR or CR controlled by antecedent stimuli

-US elicits UR

-CS elicits CR because CS was paired w/ US

Question 4

respondent conditioning

Answer 4

NS (metronome) acquires power to elicit CR (salivation) because NS been paired with US (meat powder)

-only involves pairing of NS and US

-may be under control of SD

Question 5

unconditioned responses (URs)

Answer 5

responses elicited by antecedent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has occurred

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

previously neutral stimulus (metronome) that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder)

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

elicited by CS (metronome) acquired power to elicit CR (salivation by its repeated pairing with a US (meat powder) or CS (metronome)

Question 8

trace conditioning

Answer 8

NS (click) precedes US (air) but NS ends before US is presented

-one of most effective

(i.e., click -> stop click -> air)

Question 9

delay conditioning

Answer 9

NS (click) presented and US (air) presented before NS ends

-one of most effective

(i.e. click -> air -> stop click)

Question 10

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 10

NS and US presented at same time

(i.e., click + air)

Question 11

backward conditioning

Answer 11

US presented before NS

-least effective

(i.e., air -> click)

Question 12

higher-order conditioning

Answer 12

NS (light) is paired with already established CS (click) and NS becomes CS

(i.e., click + light -> blink, light -> blink)

Question 13

conditioned emotional responses (CERs)

Answer 13

-Watson and Rayner (1920)

-type of CR in which an emotional response is elicited by CS in respondent conditioning

(i.e., rat (NS), loud sound (US) startle (UR), rat (CS) -> fear (CER)

Question 14

respondent extinction

Answer 14

CS (metronome) isn’t paired with US (meat powder) and doesn’t elicit CR (salivation)

Question 15

extinction of operant behavior

Answer 15

behavior doesn’t result in reinforcing consequence

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

when the CS (metronome) elicits the CR (salivation) after respondent extinction

-magnitude of the CR is smaller and CR should again disappear if US isn’t presented with CS

Question 17

discrimination

Answer 17

CR (fear) is elicited by single CS (dog) or narrow range of CSs

(i.e., fear of specific dog)

Question 18

generalization

Answer 18

tendency for CR (fear) to occur in presence of stimuli similar to CS (dog) that was initially paired with US (attack) in respondent conditioning

(i.e. fear of all dogs)

Question 19

discrimination training

Answer 19

when particular stimulus (S1) (German Shepard) is paired with US (attack), but similar stimuli are presented w/o US, only S1 elicits a CR

Question 20

factors influencing respondent conditioning

Answer 20

nature of US and CS

-temporal relationship between CS and US

-contingency between CS and US

-number of pairings

-previous exposure to CS

Question 21

nature of US and CS

Answer 21

intensity of stimulus influences stimulus of CS or US

(i.e., stronger air is more effective as US for eye blink, more painful stimuli is effective as US for autonomic arousal)

Question 22

salient

Answer 22

a more intense stimulus functioning more effectively as a CS

Question 23

temporal relationship between NS and US

Answer 23

CS should precede US with short interval between them

Question 24

contingency between NS and US

Answer 24

CS and US are presented together on every trial

-conditioning is more likely, than if the US isn’t presented after the CS in some trials, or if the US occurs in trials w/o CS

Question 25

number of pairings

Answer 25

one pairing between NS (crow) and US (attack) is sufficient to establish NS as CS that elicits CR (fear), more pairings produce stronger conditioning

-Rescorla and Wagner (1972) showed the first pairing produces the strongest conditioning
–additional conditioning caused by subsequent pairings decreases

Question 26

previous exposure to CS

Answer 26

stimulus is less likely to become CS when paired with US if person has been exposed to that stimulus in the past w/o US