Quiz 16 (Ch. 24)

Question 1

fear

Answer 1

operant and respondent behavior

-afraid of stimulus or stimulus situation -> unpleasant bodily responses (ANS arousal)

-engages in escape or avoidance behavior

Question 2

anxiety

Answer 2

bodily responses as respondent behaviors

-EO -> increased likelihood of operant behavior involving escape or avoidance responses

Question 3

procedures to reduce fear and anxiety

Answer 3

relaxation training, systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization

-based on principles of respondent or operant conditioning or both

Question 4

relaxation training

Answer 4

strategies used to decrease autonomic arousal that people experience as a component of ear and anxiety

-bodily responses opposite to autonomic arousal
–decrease in tension, heart and breathing rate, and warming of hands

Question 5

4 common relaxation training procedures

Answer 5

1) progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)
2) diaphragmatic breathing
3) attention-focusing exercises
4) behavioral relaxation training

Question 6

progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

Answer 6

first described by Edmund Jacobson (1938)

-person systematically tenses and relaxes each of major muscle groups in body
–person can learn this from a therapist, listening to an audiotape of the procedure, or reading a description

-client gets into comfortable position in a comfortable chair in a quiet room, closes their eyes and relaxes each muscle group
–start w/ dominant hand and arm, tense muscle for 5 sec. and release

-cue word (CS) -> relaxation (CR)

Question 7

diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 7

a.k.a. deep or relaxed breathing

-person breathes deeply in a slow, rhythmic fashion

-at each inhalation, person uses diaphragm muscles to pull oxygen into lungs

-to learn, person should get into a sitting position and place hand on abdomen below the rib cage as location of diaphragm muscle

-feel abdomen move outward as diaphragm pulls breath of air into lungs

-shoulders should be motionless, inhale and exhales for 3-5 secs. through the nose
–focus attention on sesnsations

Question 8

attention-focusing exercises

Answer 8

direct attention to neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove person’s attention from anxiety-producing stimulus

-meditation
–focuses attention on visual, auditory, or kinesthetic stimulus (i.e., object, mantra, breathing)

-guided imagery
–visualizes pleasant scenes, listens to audiotape or therapist who describes sights, sounds, smells
–sits or lies down w/ eyes closed

-hypnosis from therapist/audiotape
–person is less aware of external stimuli or recites hypnotic suggestions from script

Question 9

behavioral relaxation training

Answer 9

described by Popen (1988), the person is taught to relax muscle groups in the body by assuming relaxed postures

-similar to PMR, except that the person doesn’t tense or relax each muscle group

-sits in recliner and therapist gives instructions for client to put each part of their body into correct posture

Question 10

systematic desensitization

Answer 10

developed by Joseph Wolpe in which a person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus

Question 11

phobia

Answer 11

fear in which the lvl. of anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt the person’s life

Question 12

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 12

relaxation response inhibits or prevents fear response

Question 13

3 steps of systematic desensitization

Answer 13

1) client learns relaxation skills
2) therapist and client develops a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli
3) client practices relaxation skills

Question 14

hierarchy

Answer 14

fearful situations listed from least to most fear provoking

Question 15

developing a hierarchy

Answer 15

client uses a fear-rating scale (subjective units of discomfort scale (SUDS) sand identifies the amount of fear produced by a variety of situations related to feared stimulus

-0-100 scale
–0 = no fear or anxiety
–100 = max about of fear or anxiety

-complete when client had identified 10-20 different situations that cause one more fear

Question 16

progressing through a hierarchy

Answer 16

relaxation exercises -> therapist describes more fear-producing scene

Question 17

in vivo desensitization

Answer 17

client gradually approaches or is exposed to actual fear-producing stimulus

Question 18

using in vivo desensitization

Answer 18

client:
1) learns relaxation skills
2) develops hierarchy of stimulations involving fear-producing stimulus
3) experiences each situation in hierarchy while maintaining relaxation as an alt. response to replace fear response

Question 19

3 other strategies used to prevent anxiety increase through hierarchy

Answer 19

1) therapist may give reinforcement for approach behavior at each hierarchy step and receive pos. reinforcement by praise

2) therapist may have client engage in other reinforcing or distracting activities (i.e., coping statements)

3) therapist may give reassuring phys. contact by holding client’s hand or placing hand on client’s back as they progress through hierarchy (contact desensitization)

Question 20

pros of in vivo desensitization

Answer 20

client makes contact w/ feared stimulus, desirable behavior in presence of feared stimulus is reinforced as alt. behavior to escape or avoidance

-no issue w/ generalization from imagination to actual fear situation

Question 21

con of in vivo desensitization

Answer 21

more difficult, time-consuming, and costly than systematic desensitization

-therapist has to arrange contact with fear-producing situations in in the hierarchy

-therapist has to leave their office to accompany client as client is exposed to fear-producing stimuli

-in vivo desensitization > systematic desensitization treating a fear or phobia
–because successful behavior is demonstrated in real life > imagination
–successful behavior is reinforced so behavior is strengthened in real-life situations

Question 22

pros of systematic desensitization

Answer 22

easier and convenient for client to imagine feared stimulus than come into contact with it

Question 23

cons of systematic desensitization

Answer 23

results may not fully generalize to the actual gear-producing situation

Question 24

flooding

Answer 24

procedure in which person is exposed to the feared stimulus at full intensity for prolonged period until their anxiety subsides

-person experiences heightened anxiety in presence decreases through a process of respondent extinction

-CS (feared stimulus) is presented w/o US (startled), CS doesn’t elicit CR (anxiety)

-conducted inky by a professional, person may try to escape

Question 25

modeling

Answer 25

child observes another person approaching feared stimulus or engaging in feared activity

-child is more likely to engage in similar behavior