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ABA > Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why should we measure behavior?

A

determine if treatment is necessary

-identify best treatment
-measure change in behavior following treatment

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2
Q

behavioral assessment

A

measurement of TB in modification, important for:

-measuring B before best treatment to see if it’s needed
-determines if B changed after treatment

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3
Q

2 types of behavioral assessment

A

indirect, direct

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4
Q

indirect assessment

A

interviews, questionnaires & rating scales to get info on TB

-relies on person’s recall of TB

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5
Q

direct assessment

A

person observes or records TB as it occurs

-preferred and is more accurate because observer is trained
-observers in indirect assessment relies on memories and may not be trained

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6
Q

steps to make a recording

A

1) defining TB
2) determining recording logistics
3) choosing recording method
4) choosing recording instrument

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7
Q

defining TB

A

-identify person’s B that constitutes behavioral excess/deficit targeted for change

-includes active verbs describing B

-doesn’t include internal states or intentions as they can’t be observed and are often incorrect

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8
Q

Why aren’t labels B?

A

-ambiguous, can’t be observed, used incorrectly

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9
Q

inter-observer agreement (IOA)

A

-two people independently observe B and both record behavior occurred

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10
Q

self-monitoring

A

observer is person exhibiting TB

-valuable when its not possible for observer to record TB when B occurs frequently or when no one is there

-can be combined w/ direct observation by other observer

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11
Q

observation period

A

observer records TB at time when its likely to occur

-indirect assessment information may indicate times

-determined by availability of observers or constraints imposed by client’s activities and preference w/ parent or guardian’s consent especially when it occurs w/o client knowing

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12
Q

What settings does observation or recording take place in?

A

natural, analogue

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13
Q

natural setting

A

consists of places where TB occurs

-more representative sample of B under normal circumstances

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14
Q

analogue setting

A

not part of client’s routine, involves separate room where stimuli or activities are controlled by experimenter

-TB may be influenced but more controlled and variables are easier to manipulate

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15
Q

Observation of TB can be…

A

structured or unstructured

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16
Q

structured

A

observer arranges for events or activities to OCCUR in observation period

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17
Q

unstructured

A

NO events, activities, or instructions given

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18
Q

recording methods

A

-continuous
-product
-interval
-time sample

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19
Q

continuous recording

A

observer records each occurrence of B

-identifies onset/offset, can choose 1+ dimensions

-time/labor intensive

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20
Q

Why should we measure behavior?

A

determine if treatment is necessary

-identify best treatment

-measure change in behavior following treatment

21
Q

What dimensions are recorded in continuous recording?

A

-frequency

-duration

-intensity

-latency

22
Q

frequency

A

-measured by counting times it occurs, one occurrence is one on/offset

-may be reported as rate (frequency / time of observation period) as response per min.

23
Q

duration

A

measured by timing it from onset -> offset

-reported as percentage of time (duration / time of observation period)

24
Q

real-time recording

A

time of each onset/offset behavior is recorded and has record of frequency/duration of TB and timing of each occurrence

-carried out after video recording on data sheet or software

25
Q

intensity

A

harder to measure than frequency and duration as it doesn’t count or record time, but recorded w/ measurement instrument or rating scale

26
Q

baseline

A

period during which TB is recorded before treatment is implemented

-more than 1 dimension can change after treatment

27
Q

interval recording

A

record if B occurred during consecutive time periods

-divides observation period into smaller periods

-report percentage of intervals in which B was observed (#of intervals in which B occurred / # of intervals)

-don’t need to observe entire time

-bases rate of behavior on smaller amounts of data

28
Q

types of interval recording

A

partial, whole, time-sampling

29
Q

partial

A

observer scores interval if B occurred during ANY PART of interval

-not interested in # of times B occurs/last

-takes less time/effort, observer records B only once in interval

30
Q

whole

A

occurrence of B in an interval is marked when it occurs in its ENTIRETY

-used for B expected to have long duration of occurrence and used infrequently and obtain a more representative sample of TB (6-10 sec.) than they derive from longer intervals

31
Q

frequency within interval

A

observer records frequency of TB but does so within consecutive intervals of observation period

32
Q

momentary time sample recording (MTS)

A

B is recorded only if it occurs the INSTANT THE INTERVAL ENDS

33
Q

time-sample recording

A

divide observation period into intervals, but observe or record behavior during part of each interval

-observation periods are separated by periods w/o observation

-reported as percentage of intervals in which behavior occurred (# of intervals scored / total intervals)

34
Q

percentage of trials/opportunities

A

of correct instances of behavior out of total # of times behavior could have occurred

-reports results as # of times B occurred / # of opportunities

-good to use when # of opportunities to perform behavior varies across observations

35
Q

product recording

A

indirect assessment that records occurrence of B based on physical remnant of behavior

-observer doesn’t have to be present when behavior occurs

-doesn’t give info of how behavior was completed

36
Q

recording instrument

A

what observer uses to register permanent product of occurrence of B

-pencil and paper w/ data sheet, each time B occurs on a day, observer marks x in a box

-# of boxes w/ x each day signifies frequency

37
Q

examples of recording instrument

A

-golf stroke counter, stopwatch, apps
-barcode, coins

38
Q

reactivity

A

recording B causes it to change before treatment

-may be undesirable because B isn’t representative in absence of observer or self-monitoring

-can be DESIRABLE when person records their B as part of self-management in desired direction

39
Q

How to reduce reactivity?

A

-wait until client becomes accustomed to observer or let observer record w/o them knowing

40
Q

participant observer

A

person who’s in setting when TB occurs or uses video recording

41
Q

interobserver agreement (IOA)

A

2 people observe or record TB of subject in observation period and compare

-percentage of agreement between answers is calculated

-should be checked occasionally when direct observation and recording are used in non research settings

42
Q

frequency recording

A

IOA calculated by dividing smaller frequency by larger

43
Q

interval recording

A

check IOA in each interval by dividing # of agreeing intervals w/ total

44
Q

agreement

A

2 observers recorded TB as occuring/not occurring in an interval

45
Q

2 variations of IOA calculations for interval recording

A

occurrence only IOA, NONoccurrence only IOA

46
Q

occurrence only IOA

A

intervals where observers scored B are counted as agreements

-intervals where observers didn’t score occurrence of B aren’t used in calculation

-more conservative measure of IOA on LOW rate B because its easy to agree on nonoccurrence by chance

47
Q

nonoccurrence only IOA

A

intervals where observers agree behavior DIDN’T occur are counted as agreements

-more conservative for hIGH rate because its easier to agree on occurrence only by chance

48
Q

How to calculate IOA for frequency within interval recording?

A

calculate percentage of agreement between observers for each interval (small frequency / larger), sum percentages of intervals and divide by # of intervals in observation period

ABA (18 decks)

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