Quiz 4 (Ch. 4 + 5) Flashcards
learning
long-lasting change in behavior as result of exp.
How do we learn?
operant conditioning, respondent conditioning
operant conditoning
we learn what we do and what not to do based on consequences of behavior
Conditioning is synonymous with?
learning
ABCs of behavior
antecedent -> behavior -> consequence
antecedent
what happens before behavior occurs
consequence
what happens after behavior occurs
reinforcement
one of the first basic principles investigated by behavior scientists
-occurrence of behavior followed by consequence -> strengthened behavior in dimensions
-earliest reinforcement by Thorndike -> phenomenon of effect
operant behavior
strengthened through reinforcement and acts on environment to produce consequence and controlled by/occurs again as result of consequence (reinforcer)
positive reinforcement
behavioral occurrence followed by stimulus (reinforcer) or INCREASE in intensity of stimulus -> strengthens behavior
negative reinforcement
behavioral occurrence followed by REMOVAL of stimulus (adverse stimulus) or DECREASE in intensity -> strengthens behavior
stimulus
event detected by one of the senses and can influence person from physical or social environment (behavior of person/others)
positive reinforcer
in positive reinforcement, stimulus appearing after behavior (something PLEASANT that person tries to get)
adverse stimulus
negative reinforcement -> stimulus removed/avoided after behavior (something UNPLEASANT)
social reinforcement
when behavior produces reinforcement through actions of other person
automatic reinforcement
when behavior produces reinforcing consequence by contact with physical environment
Premack principle
type of positive reinforcement involving chance to engage in high-probability or desired behavior as consequence for low-probability or undesired behavior
escape behavior
behavior occurrence results in termination in adverse stimulus that was present when behavior occurred
avoidance behavior
occurrence of behavior prevents aversive stimulus from occurring with warning stimulus
unconditioned reinforcer
stimulus that’s naturally reinforcing because the capacity for behavior to be strengthened by stimuli has survival value
-no prior conditioned needed to function as punisher
conditioned reinforcer
stimulus that’s once neutral but established as a reinforcer by being paired with unconditioned reinforcer or established reinforcer
token
neutral stimulus used as conditioned reinforcer to modify behavior in a token reinforcement program
token reinforcement program
token presented after desired behavior and exchanged for other reinforcers (backup reinforcers)
generalized conditioned reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer paired with various reinforcers
-effectiveness of reinforcer influenced by various factors, including immediacy and consistency of consequence, motivating operations, magnitude to reinforcement, and individual differences
immediacy
time between behavior occurrence and consequences is important for consequence to be effective as a reinforcer, it should occur immediately after response (instance of behavior)
contingency
when response produces consequence and consequence doesn’t occur unless response occurs first (i.e., key -> ignition)
motivating operations (MO)
stimulus or event that alters value of reinforcer or probability of behavior that produces reinforcer
2 types of MO
1) establishing operation (EO)
2) abolishing operation (AO)
establishing operation (EO)
makes reinforcer MORE potent (effective)
abolishing operation (AO)
makes reinforcement LESS potent (i.e., full -> X food)
deprivation
EO that increases effectiveness of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers (i.e., food, attention and $ for those who don’t have)
satiation
person recently consumed a big amount of a reinforcer or had substantial exposure to a a reinforced stimulus
-effect drains over time and reinforcer gets stronger
individual differences
likelihood of condition being a reinforcer varies from person to person
magnitude
characteristics of stimulus related to power as reinforcer
schedules of reinforcement
specifies if all responses are followed by reinforcement or only some
continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)
EACH occurrence of response reinforced
intermittent reinforcement schedule
each occurrence of response ISN’T reinforced, only OCCASIONALLY
acquisition
person acquires new behavior w/ CRF
maintenance
behavior maintained over time with use of INTERMITTENT reinforcement
-more effective
fixed ratio schedule (FR)
deliver of reinforcer is based on # of responses that occur
-doesn’t change, used in school or work
variable ratio
delivery of reinforcer is based on number of responses that occur, but number of responses VARIES around an average number
concurrent schedule of reinforcement
all schedules of reinforcement in effect for person’s behavior AT ONCE
-behavior concurrently available are concurrent operants
response effort
amount of force or time involved in executing a response
-increase in response effort -> low-probability, in contrast to functionally equivalent alternative behavior
Concurrent schedule of reinforcement that shows engagement results in?
-more frequent reinforcement
-greater magnitude
-more immediacy
-less response effect
extinction
behavior previously reinforced that no longer results in reinforced consequences -> stops occurring in future
extinction burst
once behavior isn’t reinforced, it increases briefly in frequency, duration or intensity before it decreases and stops
-novel behavior (don’t typically occur) may occur briefly
-emotional responses may occur
spontaneous recovery
behavior may occur again even if it hasn’t occurred for some time
-if extinction is still in place, behavior won’t continue for long
procedural variations
behavior may under extinction regardless of it maintained by positive or negative reinforcement
-if behavior is positively reinforced, extinction withholds consequence delivered after behavior
-extinction of negative reinforcement involves eliminating escape or avoidance
2 factors influencing extinction?
1) reinforced schedule before extinction
-determines if extinction results in rapid/gradual decrease
-when behavior is continuously reinforced, it decreases rapidly once reinforcer is terminated
-when intermittently reinforced, its gradual, change from reinforcement to extinction is more discriminable when behavior is reinforced every time
2) occurrence of reinforcer after extinction
Intermittent reinforcement before extinction produces?
resistance to extinction (behavior persists once extinction is implemented)
-continuous reinforcement before extinction produces less resistance after an increase
