Vocab 1 Flashcards
Tenochtitlan
Who - Mexica (Aztecs), around 100,000
What - Capital City
Where - Large island in a lake, present day Mexico City
When - 1300
Why - connected to region/supplies by aqueducts, had public buildings, schools, medical system, and slave workforce making the Mexica the most powerful tribe in the region
Corn (Maize) Cultivation
Who/Where - Natives in the Southwest, Great Plains, and East
What - Crop
When -
Why - Allows tribes across North America (N. AM. or N/A) to be sedentary and establish permanent settlements with large trade networks and develop their own unique cultures by region
Conquistadores
Who - Cortes, Pizarro, De Soto, Coronado
What - Spanish explorers/conquerors
Where - Central and South America
When - 1500s
Why - Spread Spanish settlements to South America, Central America and parts of North America, as well as disease and death to native populations
Roanoke
Who - Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Richard Grenville, 108 settlers
What - An island off of the coast of present-day North Carolina. It was a spot where an English colony was attempted.
Where - present-day North Carolina, back then Virginia
When - 1585, 1587
Why - Raleigh sent explorers to the North American Coast and they were very excited about an island called Roanoke. Raleigh tried in 1585 and 1587 to create a colony there and both attempts failed miserably. The attempts to settle were motivated by money and competition with the Spanish.
Jamestown
Who - Virginia Company, King James the 1st, John Smith
What - The first English Settlement, the Virginia Company was given a charter by King James. John Smith was the fourth ruler the colony had.
Where - Virginia (past and present day)
When - 1607
Why - They wanted to find gold. They took this land to make money and to compete with Spain. They did this because of mercantilism.
Fur Trade
Who - French Colonists, Native Americans (specifically Algonquins and Hurons)
What - An Indian and French enterprise.
Where - North America (mainly present-day Canada)
When - Started in 1608 and just continued
Why - The Fur Trade helped the French colonies thrive in North America. The French didn’t have many people but they worked with the Native Americans in the fur trade which developed a relationship between them. This led to the French settling
Puritans
Who - People who wanted to purify the Church of England, John Winthrop
What - They thought not enough change was made during the Protestant Reformation to the Church of England.
Where - England, North America
When - 1500-1700
Why - Some Protestants felt that during the Protestant Reformation, not enough was changed in the theology and felt that the Church of England needed to be purified. They faced oppression and taxes from James the First.
Separatists
Who - Wanted to separate from the Church of England, William Bradford, Piligrims
What - Puritans who wanted to separate from the Church of England because they felt it couldn’t be “purified”
Where - England, North America
When - 1500-1700
Why - They wanted to achieve religious independence. They did this by traveling to America because under English law unauthorized religious gatherings were not allowed.
Mercantilism
Who - All the European nation-states in the 16th and 17th century
What - The idea that the nation as a whole, not just the people in it, where responsible for it’s economy. Also the idea that one nations wealth could only grow if another nation was doing worse.
Where - Europe
When - 16th and 17th century
Why - Greatly enhanced the position of new merchant capitalists in society. It increased competition between nations. It was thought to benefit the entire nation, hence the attractiveness of colonies rose.
Charter Companies
Who - Merchants who joined together
What - Groups of people who worked together in trade under a charter which allowed them a monopoly for trading in a particular region
Where - Mainly in England
When - 16th Century many were formed
Why - Merchants were prospering from foreign trade and they wanted to make more money and this was a way for them to do that. Investors in these companies also made fantastic profits.
Atlantic World
Who - The Americas, Europe, and Africa
What - The Atlantic World is the countries that touched the Atlantic Ocean from the periods 1600-1799 and how they interacted and traded with each other to establish the world we have today.
Where - Countries that touched the Atlantic Oceans
When - 17th and 18th centuries
Why - Europeans wanted money and freedom of religion and by traveling to
Matrilineal
Who - Native American and African societies
What - People who traced their hereditary and gained property from their mother’s side.
Where - Africa and in the Americas
When - NA
Why - There was greater sexual equality in these African matrilineal societies which made it so they traced their lineage on their mothers side
African Slave Trade
Who - European nations (England, Portugal, The Dutch, Spain)
What - The trading of people between Africa, Europe, and the newly established Americas to gain profit.
Where - Africa, Europe, and the newly established Americas.
When - 8th century CE- 1808
Why - Enslaved people were wanted for the farming of sugarcane in new colonies so there was a spike in the slave trade.
Mestizos
Who - People who were born mixed race (one parent European, one parent Native American)
What - A person of European and Indigenous descent
Where - Central and South America
When -
Why - They made up the middle social class in the Racial Hierarchy; before long the population in many Spanish colonies was primarily mestizos
Racial Hierarchy
Who - People in the Spanish Empire
What - A type of class system that was established in the new world based on race.
Where - South and Central America
When - NA
Why - They needed to establish that true Spanish people were better than the Natives and Mestizos. This was later on changed to be more money-based than race-based.
Smallpox
Who - Native Americans and Europeans
What - An illness that was common throughout Europe that was spread to the Indigenous people
Where - In the Americas
When - post 1492
Why - Smallpox was a disease that eradicated many native groups in the Americas. Europeans had built up some sort of immunity to the disease so when they came over to the Americas with it and exposed it to the natives the impact was dire
Biological and Cultural Changes
Who - Native Americans, European Nations (Spain, England, Porturgal, Netherlands, France)
What - Diseases, mass death, new crops, livestock, agricultural techniques, religion, labor
Where - Central and South America
When - 15th, 16th, and 17th century
Why -There were many changes between the Natives and the Europeans. Some negative changes for the natives were facing the new European disease (ex; smallpox) and the mass amount of deaths that occurred due to the Europeans. This was due to disease, but also because the Europeans saw the Native Americans as “savages” and thought they should be treated as such. Some positive changes were new crops ( ex; sugar and bananas), domestic livestock (pigs, cows, and sheep), and most importantly, horses. Horses changed the way people traveled in the Americas. The Europeans benefited and gained new agricultural techniques, new crops, converting natives to Catholicism, and labor.
Pueblo Revolt
Who - Spanish Settlers, Missionaries, Pueblo’s (Native American’s)
What - Revolt led by Native American Pope against colonization
Where - North America; specifically modern-day Sante Fe, New Mexico
When - 1680
Why - The Native Americans were being forced to convert by the Spanish, so they attacked the Missions and the colony that was trying to convert them. The Pueblos had been treated poorly by the Spanish for some time beforehand, as well as droughts, and raids from neighboring tribes. All of these things led to this revolt.
Catholic Missions
Who - Catholic Church, Spain, Native Americans
What - Their role was to convert natives to Catholicism
Where - North, South, and Central America
When - 15th, 16th and, 17th century
Why - A reason for colonization was spreading religion. Spanish King and Queen Ferdinand and Isabella were in cahoots with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church had said that any new territories would be Catholic. So Catholic Missions were created and their job was to convert indigenous people to catholicism.
Encomienda
Who - Don Juan de Onate, Native Americans
What - A license that forced Indigenous people to work for the Spanish because they were living on “their” land
Where - Present-day New Mexico
When - 1598
Why - This was to encourage Spanish settlement in the New World
