Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of death in Iron poisoning

A

Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids

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2
Q

Treatment for Iron poisoning

A

Chelation! = IV deferoxamine, oral deferasirox

Dialysis

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3
Q

Primary iron storage protein of body

A

Ferritin = cellular storage protein for iron

*Acute phase reactant, elevated in inflammation,

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4
Q

What happens to transferrin concentration in iron deficiency?

A

Increased

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5
Q

Iron overdose causes what acid/base disorder?

A

Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

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6
Q

What two enzymes require zinc?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

Lactate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

Peripheral neuropathy - wrist drop and foot drop

Burton Lines on gingivae and metaphyses of long bones

Abdominal pain

Sideroblastic anemia
Basophilic stippling on RBCs

A

Lead poisoning

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8
Q

What enzymes does lead inhibit?

A

Ferrochelatase
ALA- dehydratase

(Decreased heme synthesis and increased RBC protoporphyrin)

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9
Q

Treatment for lead poisoning

A

Succimer
EDTA
Dimercaprol

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10
Q

Where does mercury toxicity accumulate?

A

Kidney and brain

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11
Q

What is the physiologic active form of Vit D?

A

1,25 (OH)2 D3 = calictriol

1 st hydroxylation = liver
2nd hydroxylation = kidney

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12
Q

Bones
Stones
Groans
Psychiatric Overtones

A

Hypercalcemia

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13
Q

Why are neonates deficient in Vit. K?

A

They have a sterile gut, and Vit is synthesized by intestinal flora

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14
Q

Why is vit K necessary fro coagulation?

A

Cofactor for gamma carboxylation of factors 10, 9, 7, 2

“DISCo started in 1972”

*Newborns receive single dose of IM Vit K at birth

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15
Q

Bitot spots on conjunctiva

Keratomalacia (conreal degeneration)

A

Vit. A. deficiency

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16
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Increased serum methylmalonic acid levels

A

Vit. B12 deficiency = cobalamin

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17
Q

Antioxidant vitamins?

A

Vitamin E

Vitamin C = ascorbic acid

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18
Q

Main reactions of Vit. C?

A
  • Hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of collagen
  • Required for dopamine to NE reaction
  • Antioxidant
  • Facilities Fe absorption in gut - deficiency can cause Fe deficient anemia!
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19
Q

Sore, spongy gums
Poor wound healing
Bleed mucous membranes
Spots on the skin

A

Vit. C. deficiency = Scurvy

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20
Q

Encephalopathy
Oculomotor dysfunction
Gait Ataxia

A

Wernicke Encephalopathy

21
Q

Memory loss - retrograde and anterograde
Confabulation
Personality changes
Apathy

A

Korsakoff Syndrome = consequences of chronic wernkicke encephalopathy

Atrophy of mamillary bodies, and medial thalamus

22
Q

Vit. B1 deficiency (Thiamine)

A

Wet BeriBeri = high out put cardiac failure (dialated cardiomyopathy), edema

Dry BeriBeri = affecting nerves

23
Q

Treament for Wernkick-Korsakoff?

A

THIAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION!!! Before glucose!!! Glucose will make it worse without thiamine!

24
Q

Enzymes requiring Vit. B1

A

THIAMINE! = TPP

  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • Transketolase
  • Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
25
B2 = riboflavin
FAD, FMN Cofactors in redox reactions *If it has dehydrogenase in the name, likely requires FAD!
26
What Vit. deficiency causes Cheilosis and corneal vascularization?
Vit. B2 = riboflavin
27
B3
Niacin
28
Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhea Broad collar rash Hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed areas
3 D's of pellegra! Niacin deficiency Can be caused by: - Hartnup disease (decreased tryptophan absorbtion) - Malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism) - Isoniazide (decreased Vit. B6)
29
``` Angular cheilosis Glossitis Convulsions Peripheral neuropathy Sideroblastic Anemia ```
Vit B6 deficiency = Pyridoxine Cofactor for transaminations, synthesis of heme, niacin, histamine, NTs (including GABA... why you get convulsions, loss of inhibition)
30
What enzymes require Biotin? (B7)
Carboxylation reactions
31
What can cause a Vit. B7 deficiency?
B7 = Biotin | AVIDIN (egg whites) prevents absorption of biotin
32
``` Marocytic, megaloblastic anemia Hypersegmented polymorphonuclear cells Glossitis No neuro symptoms Normal methylmalonic acid levels ```
Vit B9 = folate deficiency
33
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia Hypersegmented PMNs Paresthesia Increased serum methylmalonic acid levels
Vit. B12 deficiency = Cobalamin
34
Vitamin deficiency causing convulsions and irritability?
B6 = pyridoxine Needed in synthesis of heme, niacin, histamine, and NTs (5HT, Epi, NE, DA and GABA) Loss of GABA causes the convulsion (loss of inhibition)
35
Where is B12 absorbed?
Termianl Ileum
36
Pernicious Anemia
Autoimmune attack of intrinsic factor, can't abosorb B12 = megalobalstic anemia
37
Vitamin deficiency associated with peripheral neuropathy, glossitis?
``` B6 = pyridoxine B12 = cobalamin ```
38
Vitamin deficiency associated with neural tube defects?
B9 = Folate
39
Vitamin used by pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
B1 = Thiamine
40
Vitamin used to elevate HDL and lower LDL?
B3= Niacin
41
Vitamin deficiency can be caused by isoniazide use?
B6 = pyridoxine *Can also cause Niacin (B3) deficiency because B6 is required to make niacin from tryptophan
42
Vitamins critical for DNA synthesis
``` B9= Folate B12 = Cobalamin ```
43
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US?
Foalte
44
Hypersegmented neutrophils
``` B9 = Folate B12= cobalamin ``` *megaloblastic anemia
45
Dilated cardiomyopathy Edema Polyneuropathy
B1 = Thiamine deficiency = Wet BeriBeri
46
Differential for inflammation of sunexposed regions of the body?
- Pellegra - Xeroderma pigmentosa - Porphria Cutena Tarda
47
Role of NADPH in body
Oxidative burst in phagolysosomes HMP shunt
48
Enzyme and co-factor needed to recycle folic acid?
Homocysteine methyl transferase (cofactor = B12)