Endocrine

Question 1

MOA of metformin

Answer 1

Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis

Improves insulin sensitivity

Question 2

Serious side effect of metformin?

Answer 2

Lactic Acidosis when used with renal failure

watch out for IV contrast!!

Question 3

Glimepiride

Answer 3

Sulfonylureas

MOA: closes K+ channels causing depolarization, activation of Ca+ channels, increased Ca+ intracellular, fusion of insulin vesicles

Question 4

Requirement of glimepiride

Answer 4

Need pancreatic function!!! Need to be producing insulin inorder for the sulfonylureas to work

Question 5

SE of sulfonylureas

Answer 5

Hypoglycemia

Weight Gain

Question 6

Glitazones

Answer 6

Binds PPAR-Gamma

PPAR molecule regulates gene transcription

Promotes transcription of molecules needed for glucose metabolism

**ADDRESS PRIMARY DEFECT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

Question 7

Aspart, Lispro

Answer 7

Short acting insulins

Question 8

Detemir

Glargine

Answer 8

Long acting insulins

Question 9

Exenatide

Liraglutide

Answer 9

GLP-1 analogues

Stimulates insulin release
Inhibits glucose release
Delays gastric emptying (increasing satiety and helping with wt. loss)

Lowers blood glucose

Question 10

Gliptins

Answer 10

DDP-4 inhibitor

DDP-4 breaks down GLP-1, by inhibiting breakdown, indirectly increasing GLP-1

Question 11

Dapagliflozin
Empagliflozin
Canagliflozin

Answer 11

Inhibits SGLT-2 = Na+ glucose linked transporter in kidney

More glucose lost in the urine

• need normal kidneys
• Increased glucose in urine leads to UTIs

Question 12

PTH stimulates what cells in bones?

Answer 12

Osteoblasts!!! Which then secrete RANKL to stimulate osteoclasts…. bone resorption …. increased serum Ca+

Question 13

Which hormones share a common alpha subunit?

Answer 13

TSH
LH
FSH
B-hCG