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USMLE REVIEW > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanism of nitroglycerin to relieve angina

A

Causes systemic VENOUS vasodilation

Reduce preload

Thus decreasing myocardial O2 demand

(DOES NOT VASODILATE CORONARY ARTERIES)

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2
Q

Mediastinal widening on CXR raises suspicion for…

A

Aortic Dissection

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3
Q

Medical treatment for Stanford Type B aortic dissection?

A

B-blockers

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4
Q

Diltiazem

Verapamil

A

Non-dihydropyridines

Act on heart conducting tissue

Blocks voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels, decrease conduction velocity

Decrease contractility

Rate control in A-fib, SVT prophylaxis

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5
Q

Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Felodipine

A

Dihydropyridines

Acts on vascular smooth muscle

Blocks voltage gatedL-type Ca+ channels

Decreases muscle contractility

*HTN, angina, Raynauds

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6
Q

Anti hypertensives ok to use in pregnancy

A

“Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine”

Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine

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7
Q

Anti-HTN med with potential cyanide toxicity?

A

Nitroprusside

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8
Q

ST segment elevation only during brief episodes of chest pain

A

Prinzemental Angina

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9
Q

Rapid onset sharp chest pain that radiates to the scapula

A

Aortic Dissection

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10
Q

Rapid onset sharp pain in a 20-year old and associated dyspnea

A

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

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11
Q

Sharp pain lasting hours-days and is somewhat relieved by sitting forward

A

Pericarditis

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12
Q

LLA with SE of facial flushing

A

Niacin

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13
Q

LLA with SE of elevated LFTs, myositis

A

Statins & Fibrates

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14
Q

LLA with GI discomfort and bad tast

A

Bile Acid binding resins

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15
Q

LLA with best effect on HDL?

A

Niacin

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16
Q

LLA with best effect on triglycerides/VLDL

A

Fibrates

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17
Q

LLA with best effect on LDL/cholesterol

A

Statins

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18
Q

LLA that binds C. diff toxin

A

Cholecystiramine

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19
Q

Chest pain
Pericardial friction rub
Persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI

A

Dressler Syndrome

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20
Q

Most common lethal complication after a myocardial infarction

A

Arrhythmias

21
Q

Coronary artery most commonly occluded in an MI?

A

Left anterior descending

22
Q

Severe mitral regurg 5 days post MI

A

Papillary muscle rupture

23
Q

Cardiac tamponade following MI

A

Rupture of ventricular wall

24
Q

New VSD post MI

A

Rupture of interventricular septum

25
Q

Stroke following an MI

A

Mural thrombis - part of it breaks off and becomes an embolis

26
Q

Focal necrotizing vasculitis
Necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway
Necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Wegener

Granulomatosis with polyangiiits

27
Q

Necrotizing immune complex inflammation of visceral/renal vessels

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa

28
Q

Vasculitis in young asian women

“Pulseless disease”

A

Taskayasu arteritis

29
Q

Vasculitis in young asthmatics

A

Churg strauss = eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiits

30
Q

Vasculitis in infants and young children, involved coronary arteries

A

Kawasaki Disease

31
Q

Most common vasculitis

A

Giant cell/ Temporal

32
Q

Vasculitis associated with hepatitis B infection

Renal Vessel involvement

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa

33
Q

Vasculitis c-ANCA +

A

Wegner’s = granulomatosis with polyangiitis

34
Q

Vasculitis p-ANCA +

A

Microscopic Polyangiitis + Churg-Strauss

35
Q

How do you differentiate wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis?

A

Microscopic polyangiitis does NOT have nasopharyngeal involvement

36
Q

Palpable purpura
Arthralgias
Abdominal Pain

A

HSP = most common childhood systemic vasculitis

  • often follows URI
  • Associated with IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
37
Q

Vasculitis in heavy smokers may lead to intermittent claudication and gangrene, auto amputation of digits

A

Buerger disease = thromobangiitis obliterans

38
Q

Most important determinant for prognosis in tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis

39
Q

Boot-shaped heart on CXR

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Tetrology of Fallot

40
Q

Tetrology of Fallot findings

A

Early cyanosis
R-L shunt

Pulmonary Stenosis
RVH
Overriding Aorta
VSD

41
Q

What is the most common cause of death with-in a few hours of having an MI?

A

Arrhythmia

42
Q

Enlargement of what area in the heart can cause hoarseness?

A

Enlarged left atrium

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around aorta at the ligamentum arteriosum

*Ortner Syndrome

43
Q

Most likely cause of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Infection with Group A strep

44
Q

Treatment for septic shock?

A

Norepinephrine

45
Q

What can cause a delta wave?

A

Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome =

Accessory pathway the bypasses the AV node

46
Q

Dromotrope
Ionotrope
Chronotrope

A 
Dromotrope = increased conduction velocity
Inotrope = increased contractiliy
Chronotrope = increased heart rate
47
Q

Focal myocardial inflammation (interstitial fibrosis with central lymphocytes and macrophages) with multinucleate giant cells

A

Interstitial myocardial granuloma = Aschoff body

Indicates Acute Rheumatic Fever related myocarditis

48
Q

Aschoff body

A

Indicated acute rheumatic fever related mycarditis

USMLE REVIEW (25 decks)

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