Respiratory Flashcards
A 2 year old swallows a coin… where is it most likely to lodge?
Right mainstem bronchus
When sampling amniotic fluid, what indicates fetal lung maturity?
Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ration > 2
How do you determine physiological dead space?
Vd= tidal volume x (PCO2 in arterial blood - PCO2 in expired air)/ PCO2 in arterial blood
V/Q during airway obstruction
V/Q approaches 0
100% O2 does not improve PaO2
V/Q during blood flow obstruction
V/Q approaches infinity
100% O2 improves PaO2
V/Q at apex of lung
Greater than 1 (wasted ventilation)
V/Q at base of lung
Less than 1 (wasted perfusion)
3 ways CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs
HCO3
Carbaminohemaglobin
DIssolved in blood
Respiratory response to high altitude
Increased ventilation Increased epo (increased hematocrit) Increased 2,3 BPG (increases O2 release from Hgb) Increased mitochondria Increased renal excretion of HCO3
Drug used for altitude sickness?
Acetazolamide
Tx for carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hyperbaric O2
At what positive G force does visual “black out” occur? why?
4-6 Gs
Force of pooling blood in abdomen and legs, insufficient pumping of blood to brain
S1Q3T3
Deep S in lead 1
Large Q and inverted T in lead 3
Pulmonary Embolism
Stroke after multiple long bone fractures… what caused the infarct?
Fat emboli
FEV1/FVC in normal lung
80%
FEV1/FVC in obstructive disease
FEV1/FVC in restrictive lung disease
> or = 80%
lung volumes are decreased (can’t fill up)
FEV1 and FVC are both decreased, but ratio remains the same
Eosinophilic
hexagnal
Double pointed- needle like crystals
Formed from breakdown of eosinophils in sputum
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Charcot-leyden cyrstals
Curschmann spirals
Asthma
Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands in brochi
Reid index > 50%
Chronic Bronchitis
Thickness of gland layer/ thickness of bronchial wall
Reid Index
Daily productive cough > 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
Chronic Bronchitis
Blue Bloaters
Chronic bronchitis
Centriacinar emphysema
Associated with smoking