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USMLE REVIEW > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Killed viral vaccines

A

Injected influenza and polio
Rabies
HAV

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2
Q

Flesh-colored papule with central umbilication

A

Molluscum contagiosum
Poxvirus
DS and linear

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3
Q

What property of influenza genome causes pandemics?

A

Genetic shift = reassortment of viral genome segments

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4
Q

AIDs patient w/ CD4 count

A

Mycobacteria M. avium or M intracellulare

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5
Q

Negri Bodies

A

Rabies Virus

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6
Q

What bugs do not gram stain well?

A 
Treponema - too thin to visualize
Mycoplasma - no cell wall
Mycobacteria - high content of mycolic acids in cell wall
Chlamydia - intracellular
Ricketsii- intracellular
Legionella - intracellular
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7
Q

Temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

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8
Q

Ground glass opacities on CXR/CT

Dissc-shaped yeast forms on methenamine silver stain

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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9
Q

Prophylaxis for M. avium/intracellulare in AIDs patients

A

Weekly azithormycin

Resistant to many antimycobacerial drugs

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10
Q

Disc shaped yeast forms on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue

Ground glass opacities on CXR

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii

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11
Q

Stain for Borrelia

A

Giemsa

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12
Q

Subacute sclerosisng panencephalitis

A

Measles (rubeola virus)

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13
Q

-Systemic mycoses
-Spherule (much larger than RBCs) filled with endospores can become areosolized
-Increased case rate after earthquakes
SW US and Cali

A

Coccidioidomycosis

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14
Q

Exotoxin that inhibits release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) NT

A

Clostridium tetani

*proteases that cleave SNARE (a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release)

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15
Q

CSH increased neutrophils
Increased protein
Decreased Glucose

A

Bacterial CSF

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16
Q

Stain for Chlamydia

A

Giemsa

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17
Q

Stain for cryptococcus neoformans?

A

India Ink

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18
Q

Stain for legionella?

A

Silver Stain

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19
Q

Triad for congenital rubella?

A

PDA
Cataracts
Hearing loss

  • blueberry muffin rash
  • mental retardation
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20
Q

Prodromal upper respiratory tract infection

Continuous cough

Cough is followed by posttussive emesis

Vaccine preventable

A

Bordatella Pertussis

*Bordet Gengou Agar

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21
Q

Exotoxins that inactivate the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

A

Shigella - Shiga Toxin
EHEC - Shiga Like Toxin (does not invade host cells)

***CAN CAUSE HUS

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22
Q

Stain for plasmodium

A

Giemsa

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23
Q

Lymphadenopathy + a new kitten

A

Cat scratch disease

Bartonella

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24
Q

Bright pink oocysts

Causes severe watery diarrhea in aids patient

A

Cryptosporidium

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25
Q

Rabbit hunter

A

Francisella tularensis

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26
Q

“Soap bubble” in brain

A

Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis

Tx with amphotericin

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27
Q

Large cells with intranuclear basophilic inclusions in an immunocompromised patient

A

“Owl’s eye”

CMV

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28
Q

What organism causes african sleeping sickness?

Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes
Recurring fever
Somnolence

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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29
Q

Number one cause of fatal diarrhea in kids?

A

Rotavirus
dsRNA virus

Not enveloped- lasts longer in enviornment

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30
Q 
Bloody diarrhea
Liver abscess
RUP pain
Histology shows flask shaped ulcer
Trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm
A

Entamoeba histolytica

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31
Q

Influenza antigenic drift is due to….

A

Lack of proofreading activity of RNA polymerase causes an increased chance for mutations during replication process

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32
Q

Stain for Trypanosomes

A

Giemsa

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33
Q

Torch infection causing
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications

A

Toxoplasmosis

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34
Q

Fevers/Chills
Flank Pain
Costovertebral tenderness
WBC CASTS

A

Pylonephritis

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35
Q

Zanamivir

Oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors = prevents release of virions from host cell

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36
Q

Dark/violaceous plaques or nodules in HIV/AIDs paitent

A

Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV 8)

Neoplasm of endothelial cells

Can also infect GI and lungs

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37
Q

Steeple sign on CXR

Seal-like barking cough

A

Croup
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxovirus family

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38
Q

Causes the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

Coronavirus

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39
Q

Type A cowdry bodies = intranuclear eosinophilic droplets…. found in..

A

HSV
VZV
CMV

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40
Q

Stain for H. Pylori?

A

Silver Stain

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41
Q

Vector for plasmodium infection

A

Anopheles mosquito

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42
Q

Treatment for syphilis in a pregnant patient who is allergic to penicillins?

A

Desensitize and then give penicillin

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43
Q

Owl Eye inlcusions

A

CMV

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44
Q

High lymphocyte counts in CSF would indicate what?

A

TB/Fungal/VIral

45
Q

Paramyxoviruses (RSV, Parainfluenza, mumps, measles) have a protein that causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells…

A

F protein

46
Q

Exotoxin that over activates adenylate cyclase by inhibiting Gi protein, impairing phagocytosis

A

Bordetella pertussis

47
Q

Exotoxins that inactivate elongation factor (EF-2)

A

C. Diptheria

Pseudomonase (Exotoxin A)

48
Q

Exotoxins of ETEC

A

Heat-liable: over activates adenylate cyclase increasing cAMP, increases Cl excretion

Heat-stable: over activates guanylate cyclase increases cGMP, decreasing NaCl reabsorption

“LABILE in the Air, and STABLE on the Ground”

49
Q

Common cause of bronchiolitis/pneumonia in infants

Wheezing, respiratory distress

A

RSV

Paramyxovirus family

50
Q

Rodent droppings & Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Hanta Virus

51
Q

Bugs that have capsule?

A 
E. Coli
Strep. Pneumo
Pseudomonas
N. Meningitidis
Klebsiella
H. Flu Type B
Salmonella Typhi
Group B Strep

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiney Bodies”

52
Q

Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications

A

Congenital Toxoplasmosis

53
Q

Torch infection causing
PDA
Cataracts
Deafness

A

Congenital Rubella

54
Q

Dog or cat Bite

A

Pasteruella multocida

Causes cellulitis and osteomyelitis

55
Q

Stain for Rickettsia

A

Giemsa

56
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia and meningitis?

A

Strep. Pneumo

GRAM POSITIVE DIPLOCOCCI

57
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

HBV

HPV

58
Q

“Barking cough”
Inspiratory stridor
Intercostal retractions

A

Croup
parainfluenza

-ssRNA linear non-segmented

59
Q

Causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza

60
Q

Saddle nose
Snuffles
Hutchinson teeth
Saber shins

A

Congenital rubella

61
Q

Systemic mycoses
Bird or bat droppings
Hides in Macrophages
Smaller than RBCs

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

“Histo hides in macrophages”

62
Q

URI + diarrhea + conjuctivitis

A

Adenovirus

63
Q

Osteomyelitis with involvement of the vertebrae

A

POTT DISEASE

mycobacterium tuberculosis

64
Q

Catalase + organisms

A

CATs Need PLACESS to hide
CAT= Catalase +

Nocardia
Psuedomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. Coli
Staphylococci
Serratia
65
Q

Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised and increases patients risk for liver cancer

Septae hyphae that branch at V-shaped 45 degree angle

A

Aspergillus

“Acute Angle in Aspergillus”

66
Q

Which enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

A

Catalase and/or superoxide dismutase

*susceptible to oxidative stress

67
Q

Transient aplastic crisis in sickle cell patient

A

Parvo Virus B19

68
Q 
Dysuria
Frequency
Suprapubic pain
WBCs but NO CASTS
\+ leukocyte esterase
\+ nitrites
A

Cystitis

+ nitrites usually indicate Enterobacteria (E. Coli)

69
Q

Only dsRNA virus?

A

Rotavirus

70
Q

Brain abscess seen as ring enhancing lesion on CT in AIDs patient

A

Toxoplasmosis

71
Q

Exotoxin that mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme and increases cAMP

A

Bacillus anthracis - Edema toxin

*likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

72
Q

Influenza causing a pandemic is due to…..

A

Antigenic SHIFT

*Viruses with segmented genomes exhchange segments

73
Q

Koplik Spots

A

Measles (rubeola virus)

74
Q

Torch infection causing hydrops fetalis

A

Parvovirus B19

75
Q

What property of influenza genome causes epidemics?

A

Minor/ antigenic drift

Changes based on random mutation in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase genes

76
Q

MOA of acyclovir

A

Guanosine analog

First phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase

Then inhibits DNA polymerase

Activity against = HSV1, HSV2, VZV, EBV

77
Q

What test detects heterophile antibodies?

A

Monospot test

Heterophile antibodies aglglutinate of sheep or horse blood

EBV virus infection

78
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patient

A

Salmonella

79
Q

Most common TORCH infection

A

CMV

80
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Megaesophagus
Megacolon

A

Chagas Disease = T. Cruzi

81
Q

Fluke associated with hematuria and bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma

82
Q

Heterophile negative mononucleosis

A

CMV infection

Acute HIV

83
Q

Owl’s eye protozoan
Campers/hikers
Bloating, flatulence
Foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea

A

Giardia Lamblia

Tx: metronidazole

84
Q

HSV-1 is latent in….

A

Dormant in sensory neurons = trigeminal gnanglia

Causes oral herpes labialies (cold sores)

85
Q

“slapped cheeks” rash in children

A

Erythemia infectiosum
5th disease
Parvovirus B19 infection

86
Q

What cells does EBV infect?

A

Infects B cells through CD21

Atypical lymphocytes seen on blood smear = Downey Cells

87
Q

Transmitted by sand flys

A

Leishmania

88
Q

What does PAS stain?

A

Glycogen

*used to diagnose whipple disease

89
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV patients

A

JC virus

90
Q

Bacteria with “school of fish” appearance

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

91
Q

3-5 days of high fever

Then diffuse macuolpaular rash

A

Roseola

HHV-6/HHV-7

92
Q

Pet prairie dog

A

Yersinia Pestis = Plague

93
Q

Rice Water Diarrhea

A

Vibrio Cholerae

Overactivates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP, increasing Cl excretion

94
Q

Only DNV virus that is single stranded?

A

Parvovirus

95
Q

Live attenuated viral vaccines

A 
Oral Polio
Intranasal influenza
Small Pox
Chicken Pox
MMR
Yellow Fever
Rotavirus
96
Q

Multiple painful vesicles

A

HSV-2

Latent in sacral nerve root ganglia

97
Q

Systemic mycoses
Same size as RBC
Broad Based Buds

A

Blastomycosis

98
Q

TORCH infections

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other (Parvo B19)
Rubella
CMV
HIV/Herpes
Syphillis
99
Q

Prophylaxis for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with a sulfa allergy?

A

Aerosolized pentamidine

100
Q

Stain for acid fast bacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

101
Q

Parasite with biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorschis sinesis

From undercooked fish

Tx: Praziquantel

102
Q

Parasite with brain cysts, seizures

A

Taenia solium (cysticercosis)

Undercooked pork, eggs

Tx: Praziquantel

103
Q

Parasite with hematuria, sqaumous cell bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium

Snails are hosts, freshwater

104
Q

Parasite with liver cysts

A

Echinococcus granulosus

Dog feces, sheep
*Causes anaphylaxis if antigens are released

105
Q

Parasite causing B12 deficiency/ megaloblastic anemia

A

Diphyllobothrium lactum

From raw freshwater fish

Tx: Praziquantel

106
Q

Parasite causing microcytic anemia

A

Ancylostoma

Necator

107
Q

Parasite causing myalgias, periorbital edema

A

Trichinella apiralis

108
Q

Parasite causing portal hypertension

A

Schistosoma

USMLE REVIEW (25 decks)

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