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USMLE REVIEW > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Most common location of salivary gland tumors

A

Parotid Gland

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2
Q

Painless, mobile mass in parotid gland. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells

A

Pleomorphic Adenoma

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3
Q

Most common malignant tumor. Painful, slow growing mass

A

Mucoepidermoid Tumor

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4
Q

Benign cystic tumor with germinal centers associated with smoking

A

Warthin Tumor

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5
Q

Innervation and artery of foregut

A

*Pharynx to proximal duodenum (uncludes liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen)

Celiac
Vagus

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6
Q

Innervation and artery of midgut

A

*Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Superior Mesenteric
Vagus

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7
Q

Innervation and artery of hindgut

A

*Distal 1/3 of tarnsverse colon to upper portion of rectum

Inferior mesenteric artery
Pelvic Splanchnic

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8
Q

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds

NOT covered by peritoneum

A

Gastroschisis

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9
Q

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord

SEALED by peritoneum

A

Omphalocele

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10
Q

Dysphagia to solids and liquieds

Birds beak on barium swallow

A

Achalasia

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11
Q

Defect in achalasia

A

Failure of relaxation of LES due to loss of myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

Secondary = Chaga’s Disease

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12
Q

Hematemesis
Caput medusa
Ascites

A

Esophageal variceal bleeding

Usually due to portal HTN

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13
Q

Rupture of esophagus caused by severe retching

A

Boerhaave

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14
Q

Laceration of gastroesophageal junction seen in alcoholics and bulimics

A

Mallory-Weiss tear

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15
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Metaplasia in cells of lower esophagus

Squamous to columnar epithelium, goblet cells

**increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

Hour-glass stomach

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

GE junction higher

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17
Q

Dysphagia
Iron Deficiency anemia
Esophageal Webs

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

“Plumbers” DIE

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18
Q

Barrett’s esophagus increases risk for what cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

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19
Q

Esophagitis

Large pink intranuclear inclusions, host cell chromatin is pushed to the edge of the nucleus

A

HSV esophagitis

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20
Q

Esophagitis
Enlarged Cells
Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
Clear perinuclear halo

A

CMV esophagitis

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21
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

Must be bound to IF secreted by parietal cell sin the fundus of the stomach

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22
Q

3 molecules that can stimulate Gastrin from G-cells

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Calcium

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23
Q

What receptors found on gastric parietial cells regulate acid secretion?

A

Vagus- ACh- M3 (Gq)
GCells-Gastrin- CCKb receptor (Gq)
G-Cells-Gastrin-ECL cells- Histamine- H2 receptors (Gs)

Prostaglandins- Gi receptor
Somatostatin- Gi receptor

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24
Q

Treatment for gastrinoma

A

PPI +/- Octreotide

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25
Triple therapy for H. Pylori
PPI Clarithromycin Amoxicillin (metronidazole if penicillin allergy)
26
Involvement of left supraclavicular node by metastasis from stomach
Virchow node
27
Bilateral metastases to ovaries from stomach cancer Abundant mucin-secreting, signet ring cells
Krukenberg tumor
28
Signet ring cells
Gastric adenocarcinoma | Lobular carcinoma in situ of breast
29
Odansetron
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist | Anti-neusea med Zofran
30
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet Ring Cell
31
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing Ulcer
32
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling Ulcer
33
Changes in what neurotransmitters are prokinetic?
Increased ACh Increased 5-HT (carcinoid syndrome) Decreased D2
34
Glands in duodenum that neutralize stomach acid
Brunner Glands
35
Metoclopramide
Stimulates 5-HT4 Inhibits D2 Prokinetic Agent
36
What ligament contains the portal triad?
Hepatoduodenal ligament * Hepatic Artery * Common Bile Duct * Portal vein
37
Defect in chylomicron exportation
Abetalipoproteinemia
38
``` Anti-transglutaminase Anti-gliadin antibodies Dermatitis Herpataformis Blunting of villi HLADQ2 & HLADQ8 ```
Celiac Disease
39
PAS+ foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria Cardiac Symptoms Arthralgias Neurologic Symptoms
Whipple Disease Tropheryma whipplei "Foamy whipped cream in a CAN"
40
2 Big causes of meconium ileus?
Cystic Fibrosis | Hirschsprung Disease
41
GI hamartomas | Hyperpigmentation of mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers Syndromes Autosomal Dominant
42
Multiple colon polyps Osteomas Soft tissue tumors
Gardener Syndrome
43
"Apple core" lesion on barium enema
Colorectal Cancer
44
"String sign" on contrast x-ray
Chron's Disease
45
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative colitis
46
Skip Lesions Transumural inflammation Fistulas Noncaseating granulomas
Chron's Disease
47
Loss of haustra Always involves rectum Associated with PSC
Ulcerative Colitis
48
What drug can incude UPD glucuronosyltransferase to help distinguish Crigler-Najjar Type 1 and Type 2?
Phenobarbital - induced UDP glucuronaltransferase Type 1 = absent enzyme Type 2 = mutated enzyme
49
Benign grossly black liver | Increased conjugated bilirubin
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome Defective liver excretion of bilirubin
50
Enzyme responsible for conjugation of bilirubin
UDP-glucuronaltransferase
51
Completely absent UDP-GT
Crigler Najjar Type 1
52
Mild benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert = mildly decreased UDP-GT
53
3 sites of portal-systemic anastamosis
Esophagus Umbilicus (Caput Medusae) Rectum
54
Serum markers in alcoholic hepatitis
AST > ALT Ratio > 1.5 "A Scotch & Tonic"
55
Treatment for hepatic encephalopathy
Lactulose
56
How do you distinguish budd-chiari syndrome from right sided heart failure?
No JVD in budd-chiari!
57
LOW ceruloplasim Kayser-Fleischer rings
Wilson Disease - defect in enzyme that excretes cooper into bile
58
Treatment for Wilson disease?
Penicillamine = cooper chelating agent
59
Cirrhosis Diabetes mellitus Skin pigmentation
Hemochromatosis
60
Hepatic consequences of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Misfolded gene product aggregates in hepatocellular ER - cirrhosis with PAS + globules
61
Serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Increased alpha fetoprotein
62
Which type of hernia can result from failure of processus vaginalis to close? (may also form hydrocele)
Indirect Inguinal hernia

USMLE REVIEW (25 decks)

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