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USMLE REVIEW > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Most common location of salivary gland tumors

A

Parotid Gland

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2
Q

Painless, mobile mass in parotid gland. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells

A

Pleomorphic Adenoma

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3
Q

Most common malignant tumor. Painful, slow growing mass

A

Mucoepidermoid Tumor

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4
Q

Benign cystic tumor with germinal centers associated with smoking

A

Warthin Tumor

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5
Q

Innervation and artery of foregut

A

*Pharynx to proximal duodenum (uncludes liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen)

Celiac
Vagus

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6
Q

Innervation and artery of midgut

A

*Distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Superior Mesenteric
Vagus

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7
Q

Innervation and artery of hindgut

A

*Distal 1/3 of tarnsverse colon to upper portion of rectum

Inferior mesenteric artery
Pelvic Splanchnic

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8
Q

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds

NOT covered by peritoneum

A

Gastroschisis

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9
Q

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord

SEALED by peritoneum

A

Omphalocele

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10
Q

Dysphagia to solids and liquieds

Birds beak on barium swallow

A

Achalasia

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11
Q

Defect in achalasia

A

Failure of relaxation of LES due to loss of myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

Secondary = Chaga’s Disease

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12
Q

Hematemesis
Caput medusa
Ascites

A

Esophageal variceal bleeding

Usually due to portal HTN

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13
Q

Rupture of esophagus caused by severe retching

A

Boerhaave

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14
Q

Laceration of gastroesophageal junction seen in alcoholics and bulimics

A

Mallory-Weiss tear

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15
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Metaplasia in cells of lower esophagus

Squamous to columnar epithelium, goblet cells

**increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

Hour-glass stomach

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

GE junction higher

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17
Q

Dysphagia
Iron Deficiency anemia
Esophageal Webs

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

“Plumbers” DIE

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18
Q

Barrett’s esophagus increases risk for what cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

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19
Q

Esophagitis

Large pink intranuclear inclusions, host cell chromatin is pushed to the edge of the nucleus

A

HSV esophagitis

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20
Q

Esophagitis
Enlarged Cells
Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
Clear perinuclear halo

A

CMV esophagitis

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21
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

Must be bound to IF secreted by parietal cell sin the fundus of the stomach

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22
Q

3 molecules that can stimulate Gastrin from G-cells

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Calcium

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23
Q

What receptors found on gastric parietial cells regulate acid secretion?

A

Vagus- ACh- M3 (Gq)
GCells-Gastrin- CCKb receptor (Gq)
G-Cells-Gastrin-ECL cells- Histamine- H2 receptors (Gs)

Prostaglandins- Gi receptor
Somatostatin- Gi receptor

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24
Q

Treatment for gastrinoma

A

PPI +/- Octreotide

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25
Q

Triple therapy for H. Pylori

A

PPI
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin (metronidazole if penicillin allergy)

26
Q

Involvement of left supraclavicular node by metastasis from stomach

A

Virchow node

27
Q

Bilateral metastases to ovaries from stomach cancer

Abundant mucin-secreting, signet ring cells

A

Krukenberg tumor

28
Q

Signet ring cells

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Lobular carcinoma in situ of breast

29
Q

Odansetron

A

Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist

Anti-neusea med
Zofran

30
Q

Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus

A

Signet Ring Cell

31
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma

A

Cushing Ulcer

32
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling Ulcer

33
Q

Changes in what neurotransmitters are prokinetic?

A

Increased ACh
Increased 5-HT (carcinoid syndrome)
Decreased D2

34
Q

Glands in duodenum that neutralize stomach acid

A

Brunner Glands

35
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Stimulates 5-HT4
Inhibits D2
Prokinetic Agent

36
Q

What ligament contains the portal triad?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

  • Hepatic Artery
  • Common Bile Duct
  • Portal vein
37
Q

Defect in chylomicron exportation

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

38
Q 
Anti-transglutaminase
Anti-gliadin antibodies
Dermatitis Herpataformis
Blunting of villi
HLADQ2 & HLADQ8
A

Celiac Disease

39
Q

PAS+ foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria
Cardiac Symptoms
Arthralgias
Neurologic Symptoms

A

Whipple Disease
Tropheryma whipplei

“Foamy whipped cream in a CAN”

40
Q

2 Big causes of meconium ileus?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

Hirschsprung Disease

41
Q

GI hamartomas

Hyperpigmentation of mouth and hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers Syndromes

Autosomal Dominant

42
Q

Multiple colon polyps
Osteomas
Soft tissue tumors

A

Gardener Syndrome

43
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema

A

Colorectal Cancer

44
Q

“String sign” on contrast x-ray

A

Chron’s Disease

45
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis

46
Q

Skip Lesions
Transumural inflammation
Fistulas
Noncaseating granulomas

A

Chron’s Disease

47
Q

Loss of haustra
Always involves rectum
Associated with PSC

A

Ulcerative Colitis

48
Q

What drug can incude UPD glucuronosyltransferase to help distinguish Crigler-Najjar Type 1 and Type 2?

A

Phenobarbital - induced UDP glucuronaltransferase

Type 1 = absent enzyme
Type 2 = mutated enzyme

49
Q

Benign grossly black liver

Increased conjugated bilirubin

A

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

Defective liver excretion of bilirubin

50
Q

Enzyme responsible for conjugation of bilirubin

A

UDP-glucuronaltransferase

51
Q

Completely absent UDP-GT

A

Crigler Najjar Type 1

52
Q

Mild benign hyperbilirubinemia

A

Gilbert = mildly decreased UDP-GT

53
Q

3 sites of portal-systemic anastamosis

A

Esophagus
Umbilicus (Caput Medusae)
Rectum

54
Q

Serum markers in alcoholic hepatitis

A

AST > ALT
Ratio > 1.5

“A Scotch & Tonic”

55
Q

Treatment for hepatic encephalopathy

A

Lactulose

56
Q

How do you distinguish budd-chiari syndrome from right sided heart failure?

A

No JVD in budd-chiari!

57
Q

LOW ceruloplasim

Kayser-Fleischer rings

A

Wilson Disease - defect in enzyme that excretes cooper into bile

58
Q

Treatment for Wilson disease?

A

Penicillamine = cooper chelating agent

59
Q

Cirrhosis
Diabetes mellitus
Skin pigmentation

A

Hemochromatosis

60
Q

Hepatic consequences of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

Misfolded gene product aggregates in hepatocellular ER - cirrhosis with PAS + globules

61
Q

Serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Increased alpha fetoprotein

62
Q

Which type of hernia can result from failure of processus vaginalis to close? (may also form hydrocele)

A

Indirect Inguinal hernia

USMLE REVIEW (25 decks)

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