Vitamins Flashcards
Organic molecules that are essential to human metabolic and cellular function, which can only be obtained through diet are called what?
Vitamins
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?
- A
- D
- E
- K
What are the 9 Water soluble vitamins?
- B1
- B2
- B3
- B5
- B6
- B7
- B9
- B12 (only water soluble stored for long periods)
- C
Which 5 vitamins have toxicity reported?
- A
- D
- B3
- B6
- C
An individual form of a vitamin is referred to as what?
Vitamer
Vitamin A is required for what?
Vision (opsin retinal)
What does vitamin A deficiency look like? What does toxicity look like?
- night blindness, skin problems, stunted growth in children
- Blurred vision, appetite loss, pigmentation and skin issues. Teratogen in high doses
What is vitamin B1 (Thiamine) general function?
Cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolism
What does Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency look like?
anorexia, confusion, memory issues, heart enlargement
What is Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) main function?
Convert FMN to FAD (oxidative phosphorylation)
What does Vitamin b2 (riboflavin) deficiency look like?
Thyroid abnormalities, swelling and sores
*risky for pregnant women or vegetarians who rarely eat meat
What is vitamin B3 (Niacin) general function?
Convert nicotinic acid to nicotinamide to form NAD and NADP (Energy metabolism)
What does Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency and toxicity look like?
- Def: Pellagra (dermatitites, diarrhea, inflamed mucus membranes)
- Tox: cutanteous flushing and pruritus, blood sugar issues, impaired clotting, hypertension
What is Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) primary function?
Major component in coenzyme A synthesis (metabolism)
What does Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency look like?
Headache, fatigue, insomnia, numbness
What is Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) primary function?
Forms PLP and PMP (coenzymes for many rxns)
Necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis
What does Vitamin B6 deficiency and toxicity look like?
- def: Microcytic anemia, dermatitis with cheilosis, impaired immune
- tox: paresthesia, loss of coordination, neuropathy, photosensitivity
What is vitamin b7 (biotin) main function?
cofactor for four carboxylates in energy production, fatty acid synthesis and AA catabolism
What does Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency look like?
hallucinations, depression and paresthesia
What is vitamin B9 (Folate) primary function?
forms tetrahydrofolate (Carbon donor in AA metabolism)
What does Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency look like?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects at birth,
What is vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) primary function?
Cofactor in methionine and Fatty acid synthesis. Also necessary for erythrocyte and CNS function
What does vitamin B12 deficiency and toxicity look like?
- def: megaloblastic anemia, neurologic disorders (neuropathy, imbalance, depression, confusion, dementia, memory and irreversible nerve damage)
- Anemia may be treated and masked by folic acid intake without correcting neurologic deficits
- Tox: absorption is rate limited so excess is exerted in the urine
What is Vitamin C’s primary function?
Antioxidant activity, collagen synthesis, norepinephrine synthesis, general protein metabolism
