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Biochemisty > Glycolysis,CAC, Ox Phospho > Flashcards

Glycolysis,CAC, Ox Phospho Flashcards

1
Q

What electron acceptor MUST be maintained for energy production of any kind?

A

NAD +

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2
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

A 
Preparatory stage (phosphorylation)
Pay off stage (redox)
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3
Q

What two stages in the preparatory phase of glycolysis require atp?

A

1-glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase

2-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate by PFK-1

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4
Q

What are the 4 enzymes of the preparatory phase of glycolysis, in order?

A

1-hexokinase (G to G6P)
2-phosphohexose isomerase (G6P to F6P)
3-phosphofructokinase-1 (F6P to F1,6P)
4-aldolase (F1,6P to glyceraldehyde 3P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate)

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5
Q

Give the order of substrates of the preparatory phase of glycolysis

A
  • Glucose
  • Glucose 6 phosphate
  • Fructose 6 phosphate
  • Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
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6
Q

What two steps of the payoff phase of glycolysis produce atp?

A

1-1,3 BPG to 3 PG by phosphoglycerate kinase

2-phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

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7
Q

What step of the payoff phase of glycolysis produces an NADH?

A

G3P to 1,3BPG by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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8
Q

What are the 6 enzymes of the payoff phase of glycolysis in order?

A

1-triose phosphate isomerase (dihydroxyacetone phosphate to G3P)
2-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (G3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate)
3-phosphoglycerate kinase (1,3 BPG to 3 PG)
4-phosphoglycerate mutase (3 PG to 2 PG)
5- enolase ( 2 PG to PEpyruvate)
6-pyruvate kinase (PEpyruvate to pyruvate)

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9
Q

Give the order of substrates in the payoff phase of glycolysis

A
  • dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
  • 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
  • 3 phosphoglycerate
  • 2 phosphoglycerate
  • phosphoenolpyruvate
  • pyruvate
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10
Q

What is the net balance of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP (2 put in, 4 produced)
  • 2 NADH
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11
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Lack of insulin production

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insensitivity to insulin

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13
Q

What enzyme is a main regulator of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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14
Q

What three options does pyruvate have?

A

1-Become ethanol in fermentation (hypoxic or anaerobic)
2-become acetyl coa (aerobic)
3-become lactate (hypoxic or anaerobic)

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15
Q

What important role does fermentation play in anaerobic conditions?

A

Regeneration of NAD+

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16
Q

What role doe lactate play in fermentation?

A

Is the electron acceptor for NADH produced in glycolysis

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17
Q

What does the Pentose phosphate pathway accomplish?

A
  • production of NADPH

- production of ribose sugars which are precursors

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18
Q

What regulates the Pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Feedback loop of NADPH. Presence of it down regulates conversion of 6 phosphogluconolacetone to Pentose phosphates

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19
Q

What is the process through which mitochondria cause apoptosis?

A
  • pore complexes open
  • cytochrome c leaves mitochondria
  • cyt c binds apaf to form apoptosome
  • apoptosome cleaves procaspase
  • Caspase dimers activate and lead to cell death
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20
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

A

Convert pyruvate to acetyl coa

21
Q

How is pyruvate dehydrogenase set up?

A

3 enzymatic regions that work together to produce acetyl coa and NADH

22
Q

What results from 1 turn of the citric acid cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 2 CO 2
  • 1 GTP (ATP)
  • 1 FADH2
23
Q

What are the three stages of respiration?

A

1-glycolysis and acetyl coa production (anaerobic)
2-citric acid cycle (aerobic)
3-oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)

24
Q

What three steps in the CAC produce NADH?

A

1-isocitrate to a-ketogluterate by isocitrate dehydrogenase
2-a-ketogluterate to succinyl coa by a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex
3-Malate to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase

25
Q

What are he 8 steps of the CAC?

A

1-acetyl coa and oxaloacetate to citrate by citrate synthase
2a-citrate to cis-aconitate by aconitase
2b-cis-aconitate to isocitrate by aconitase
3-isocitrate to a-ketogluterate by isocitrat dehydrogenase
4-a-ketogluterate to succinyl-coA by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
5-succinyl-coA to succinate by succinyl- CoA synthetase
6-succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (ETC complex II)
7-fumarate to malate by fumarase
8-malate to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase

26
Q

How do energy substrates and products regulate enzymes?

A

allosterically

27
Q

Which CAC intermediate becomes fatty acids or sterols?

A

Citrate

28
Q

Which CAC intermediate becomes Nucleic Acids?

A

a-ketogluterate- Purines

oxaloacetate-Pyrimidines

29
Q

Which CAC intermediate can become a Heme?

A

Succinyl CoA

30
Q

What 6 things can intermediates of the CAC become?

A
  • Amino Acids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Gluconeogensis
  • Neurotransimitters
  • Hemes
31
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasmic space

32
Q

Where does the CAC take place?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

33
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

34
Q

What are the 3 ways to transfer electrons?

A

1-direct transfer
2-Hydrogen Atom
3-Hydride ion

35
Q

What are the 3 main electron carrier moieties of the ETC?

A

1-Ubiquinone (Q10)
2-Cytochromes
3-Iron-sulfur proteins

36
Q

what are the 3 cytochrome types? how are they classified? which one is mobile?

A

a,b,c; classified by light absorption, c is mobile

37
Q

What do complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase) and II (Succinate dehydrogenase) do?

A

Introduce electrons

38
Q

What is formed by Complex II that is a critical stage of the CAC?

A

FADH2

39
Q

What Electron carrier transfers its electrons to Complex I?

A

NADH

40
Q

What does complex III (Cytochrome bc1 complex) do?

A

transfer electrons to cytochrome c through the Q cycle

41
Q

What does complex 4 (cytochrome oxidase) do?

A

transports hydrogen and reduces oxygen

42
Q

what role does oxygen play in the ETC?

A

it is the final electron acceptor

43
Q

what is the formula to make ATP?

A

4 H + ADP + Pi = ATP

44
Q

1 NADH results in how many ATP?

A

2.5

45
Q

1 FADH2 results in how many ATP?

A

1.5

46
Q

What are the two shuttle systems that allow NADH to affect the electron transport chain?

A

1-Malate-aspartate shuttle (transfers e- to malate which is transported, malate transfers to NAD+ on other side)
2-Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (transfers e- to G3P then to FAD then to QH2 then to Complex III)

47
Q

What two conditions favor Reactive Oxygen Species?

A

1-Mitochondria not making ATP (Lack of O2 or ADP)

2-Excess NADH

48
Q

How many ATP are ultimately formed through Glycolysis, CAC, and Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

30-32 (depending on which pathway the 2 NADH from Glycolysis take into the mitochondria)

49
Q

What are the three important cellular processes affected by these metabolic pathways?

A
  • Pentose Phosphate pathway
  • Reactive Oxygen Species formation
  • Apoptosis

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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