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Glycolysis,CAC, Ox Phospho Flashcards

1
Q

What electron acceptor MUST be maintained for energy production of any kind?

A

NAD +

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2
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

A 
Preparatory stage (phosphorylation)
Pay off stage (redox)
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3
Q

What two stages in the preparatory phase of glycolysis require atp?

A

1-glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase

2-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate by PFK-1

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4
Q

What are the 4 enzymes of the preparatory phase of glycolysis, in order?

A

1-hexokinase (G to G6P)
2-phosphohexose isomerase (G6P to F6P)
3-phosphofructokinase-1 (F6P to F1,6P)
4-aldolase (F1,6P to glyceraldehyde 3P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate)

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5
Q

Give the order of substrates of the preparatory phase of glycolysis

A
  • Glucose
  • Glucose 6 phosphate
  • Fructose 6 phosphate
  • Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
  • Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone
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6
Q

What two steps of the payoff phase of glycolysis produce atp?

A

1-1,3 BPG to 3 PG by phosphoglycerate kinase

2-phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

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7
Q

What step of the payoff phase of glycolysis produces an NADH?

A

G3P to 1,3BPG by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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8
Q

What are the 6 enzymes of the payoff phase of glycolysis in order?

A

1-triose phosphate isomerase (dihydroxyacetone phosphate to G3P)
2-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (G3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate)
3-phosphoglycerate kinase (1,3 BPG to 3 PG)
4-phosphoglycerate mutase (3 PG to 2 PG)
5- enolase ( 2 PG to PEpyruvate)
6-pyruvate kinase (PEpyruvate to pyruvate)

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9
Q

Give the order of substrates in the payoff phase of glycolysis

A
  • dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
  • 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
  • 3 phosphoglycerate
  • 2 phosphoglycerate
  • phosphoenolpyruvate
  • pyruvate
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10
Q

What is the net balance of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP (2 put in, 4 produced)
  • 2 NADH
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11
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Lack of insulin production

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insensitivity to insulin

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13
Q

What enzyme is a main regulator of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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14
Q

What three options does pyruvate have?

A

1-Become ethanol in fermentation (hypoxic or anaerobic)
2-become acetyl coa (aerobic)
3-become lactate (hypoxic or anaerobic)

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15
Q

What important role does fermentation play in anaerobic conditions?

A

Regeneration of NAD+

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16
Q

What role doe lactate play in fermentation?

A

Is the electron acceptor for NADH produced in glycolysis

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17
Q

What does the Pentose phosphate pathway accomplish?

A
  • production of NADPH

- production of ribose sugars which are precursors

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18
Q

What regulates the Pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Feedback loop of NADPH. Presence of it down regulates conversion of 6 phosphogluconolacetone to Pentose phosphates

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19
Q

What is the process through which mitochondria cause apoptosis?

A
  • pore complexes open
  • cytochrome c leaves mitochondria
  • cyt c binds apaf to form apoptosome
  • apoptosome cleaves procaspase
  • Caspase dimers activate and lead to cell death
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20
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

A

Convert pyruvate to acetyl coa

21
Q

How is pyruvate dehydrogenase set up?

A

3 enzymatic regions that work together to produce acetyl coa and NADH

22
Q

What results from 1 turn of the citric acid cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 2 CO 2
  • 1 GTP (ATP)
  • 1 FADH2
23
Q

What are the three stages of respiration?

A

1-glycolysis and acetyl coa production (anaerobic)
2-citric acid cycle (aerobic)
3-oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)

24
Q

What three steps in the CAC produce NADH?

A

1-isocitrate to a-ketogluterate by isocitrate dehydrogenase
2-a-ketogluterate to succinyl coa by a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex
3-Malate to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase

25
What are he 8 steps of the CAC?
1-acetyl coa and oxaloacetate to citrate by citrate synthase 2a-citrate to cis-aconitate by aconitase 2b-cis-aconitate to isocitrate by aconitase 3-isocitrate to a-ketogluterate by isocitrat dehydrogenase 4-a-ketogluterate to succinyl-coA by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 5-succinyl-coA to succinate by succinyl- CoA synthetase 6-succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (ETC complex II) 7-fumarate to malate by fumarase 8-malate to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase
26
How do energy substrates and products regulate enzymes?
allosterically
27
Which CAC intermediate becomes fatty acids or sterols?
Citrate
28
Which CAC intermediate becomes Nucleic Acids?
a-ketogluterate- Purines | oxaloacetate-Pyrimidines
29
Which CAC intermediate can become a Heme?
Succinyl CoA
30
What 6 things can intermediates of the CAC become?
- Amino Acids - Nucleic Acids - Fatty Acids - Gluconeogensis - Neurotransimitters - Hemes
31
Where does Glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasmic space
32
Where does the CAC take place?
matrix of the mitochondria
33
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
across the inner mitochondrial membrane
34
What are the 3 ways to transfer electrons?
1-direct transfer 2-Hydrogen Atom 3-Hydride ion
35
What are the 3 main electron carrier moieties of the ETC?
1-Ubiquinone (Q10) 2-Cytochromes 3-Iron-sulfur proteins
36
what are the 3 cytochrome types? how are they classified? which one is mobile?
a,b,c; classified by light absorption, c is mobile
37
What do complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase) and II (Succinate dehydrogenase) do?
Introduce electrons
38
What is formed by Complex II that is a critical stage of the CAC?
FADH2
39
What Electron carrier transfers its electrons to Complex I?
NADH
40
What does complex III (Cytochrome bc1 complex) do?
transfer electrons to cytochrome c through the Q cycle
41
What does complex 4 (cytochrome oxidase) do?
transports hydrogen and reduces oxygen
42
what role does oxygen play in the ETC?
it is the final electron acceptor
43
what is the formula to make ATP?
4 H + ADP + Pi = ATP
44
1 NADH results in how many ATP?
2.5
45
1 FADH2 results in how many ATP?
1.5
46
What are the two shuttle systems that allow NADH to affect the electron transport chain?
1-Malate-aspartate shuttle (transfers e- to malate which is transported, malate transfers to NAD+ on other side) 2-Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (transfers e- to G3P then to FAD then to QH2 then to Complex III)
47
What two conditions favor Reactive Oxygen Species?
1-Mitochondria not making ATP (Lack of O2 or ADP) | 2-Excess NADH
48
How many ATP are ultimately formed through Glycolysis, CAC, and Oxidative phosphorylation?
30-32 (depending on which pathway the 2 NADH from Glycolysis take into the mitochondria)
49
What are the three important cellular processes affected by these metabolic pathways?
- Pentose Phosphate pathway - Reactive Oxygen Species formation - Apoptosis

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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