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Biochemisty > **The Pancreas, Liver, And Gall Bladder > Flashcards

**The Pancreas, Liver, And Gall Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gastrointestinal digestive organs?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
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2
Q

What are the endocrine organs?

A
  • Pancreas

- Liver

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3
Q

Describe Exocrine function

A
  • Secretion onto a surface
  • Epithelial cells
  • Diverse secretion types
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4
Q

Describe Endocrine function

A
  • secretion into the vasculature
  • epithelial and non-epithelial cells
  • Exocytosis
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine Glands
  2. Holocrine Glands
  3. Apocrine Glands
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6
Q

What is the most common exocrine gland that releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells? (I.e., salivary glands, pancreas)

A

Merocrine Glands

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7
Q

Describe Holocrine Glands

A
  • Secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion

- like Sebaceous Glands

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8
Q

How do Apocrine glands function?

A
  • Secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids
  • Examples: Mammary glands (these also have merocrine function)
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9
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Islets of Langerhans (insulin and glucagon)

- Protein and polypeptide hormones

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10
Q

What are the Exocrine elements of the Pancreas?

A
  • Acinar Cells

- Releases digestive molecules into the duodenum

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11
Q

In the Pancreas, what do Acinar cells release via exocytosis And where do they release them to?

A
  • Zymogen granules

- released into intercalated ducts

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12
Q

What are the molecularly diverse elements of Zymogen granules?

A
  • Alpha-amylase
  • Lipases
  • Nucleases
  • Proteases (zymogens
    • Trypsinogen
    • Chymotrypsinogen
    • Elastase
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13
Q

What does Alpha-amylase do?

A

Hydrolyze long-chain carbs

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14
Q

What do Lipases do?

A

-Hydrolisis of lipids

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15
Q

What do Nucleases do?

A

-Hydrolisis of DNA and RNA

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16
Q

What does Trypsinogen get cleaved to and by what?

A
  • Trypsin

- By enterokinase

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17
Q

What happens to Chymotrypsinogen ?

A

-cleaved to Chymotrypsin by trypsin

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18
Q

What activate see Elastase?

A

Trypsin

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19
Q

What two proteins induce Acinar and crontroacinar exocrine activity?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

- Secretin

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20
Q

CCK

A

Neuroleptic of the central and enteric nervous system; I cells

21
Q

Secretin

22
Q

What are the different types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta Cells
  • Delta cells
  • PP cells
23
Q

What do Alpha cells do?

A
  • Secrete glucagon

- make up 30% of Islet cells

24
Q

What do Beta cells do?

A
  • Secrete insulin

- 65% of Islet cells

25
What do delta cells do?
- Secret Somatostatin - inhibits GI and pancreatric endocrine and exocrine secretion -4% of Islet cells
26
What do PP cells do?
- Secrete pancreatic polypeptide - Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion, GI motility, gastric acid secretion -less than 1% of islet cells
27
Functions of the liver
1. Blood reservoir (roughly 20% blood is at any given time passing through liver) 2. Bile secretion 3. Detoxification 4. Metabolic Homeostasis
28
What are the elements of metabolic homeostasis that happen in the liver?
- Carb metabolism - Lipid Metabolism - Protein metabolism - Storage - Serum protein production
29
Describe the liver
- Largest organ in the body - highly regenerative - Dual blood supply (Hepatic artery and Portal Vein?), receives 30% of cardiac output
30
What are the major cell types of the liver?
1. Hepatocytes 2. Kupffer cells 3. Sinusoidal Epithelial cells
31
Describe Hepatocytes and their function.
- Polarized epithelial cells - Metabolism carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids - Produces bile from Cholesterol - Detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules
32
Describe Kupffer cells and their function
- Liver-specific macrophage - removes pathogens and debris from the blood - Prevent systemic blood wide infections - Filter blood - Clears colon and intestinal bacteria
33
Describe sinusoid all epithelial cells and their function
- Large Pores between cells (fenestrae) | - No basement membrane
34
Two major sources of blood to the liver
1. Hepatic artery (30%) | 2. Portal Vein (70%)
35
Normal blood volume of the liver
- 450 ml | - Expansion: .5-1 L
36
What are the 3 structure models of liver architecture?
1. Classic Hepatic Lobule 2. Portal Lobule 3. Hepatic Acinus
37
How does the liver maintain Carbohydrate Metabolism Homeostasis?
- Glycogen Storage - Guconeogenisis - Normalizes blood glucose
38
How does the liver maintain Fatty Acid Metabolism homeostasis?
- Oxidizes Fatty Acids - Produces Ketone Bodies - Synthesizes fatty acids - Synthesizes triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol - Forms lipoproteins to transport lipids and fatty acids
39
How does the liver maintain systemic protein metabolism homeostasis?
- Deaminates amino acids - Forms urea to remove ammonia from the blood - Synthesizes non-essential amino acids
40
Where are Vitamins, Fatty acids, and Iron stored?
The liver
41
What does the liver contribute to protein production?
- Acute phase proteins - Clotting factors - Albumin - Apolipoproteins
42
What happens during phase 1 of hepatocyte xenobiotic (drug)/molecule elimination?
- Drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds; oxidized - Cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases - Some drugs/molecules transported directly into the bile - Output of phase one is called a Metabolite
43
What happens during phase 2 of hepatocyte xenobiotic (drug)/molecule elimination?
- Drugs/molecules/phase 1 metabolites conjugated to hydrophilic molecules - transferases
44
How are metabolites eliminated in detoxification?
In the bile or urine
45
What is contained in Bile?
- bile salts - cholesterol - phospholipids - bilirubins - waste
46
What stimulates bile release And how?
CCK - contracts gallbladder smooth muscle - relaxes hepatoprancreatic sphincter
47
What stimulates HCO3- secretion into bile?
Secretin
48
Where are pancreatic zymogens activated?
In the duodenum to protect acinar cells
49
What is a Zymogen?
-inactive enzyme precursor

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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