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Biochemisty > **The Pancreas, Liver, And Gall Bladder > Flashcards

**The Pancreas, Liver, And Gall Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gastrointestinal digestive organs?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
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2
Q

What are the endocrine organs?

A
  • Pancreas

- Liver

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3
Q

Describe Exocrine function

A
  • Secretion onto a surface
  • Epithelial cells
  • Diverse secretion types
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4
Q

Describe Endocrine function

A
  • secretion into the vasculature
  • epithelial and non-epithelial cells
  • Exocytosis
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine Glands
  2. Holocrine Glands
  3. Apocrine Glands
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6
Q

What is the most common exocrine gland that releases products via exocytosis at the apical end of secretory cells? (I.e., salivary glands, pancreas)

A

Merocrine Glands

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7
Q

Describe Holocrine Glands

A
  • Secretory cells disintegrate to form the secretion

- like Sebaceous Glands

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8
Q

How do Apocrine glands function?

A
  • Secretion of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm containing proteins and lipids
  • Examples: Mammary glands (these also have merocrine function)
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9
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Islets of Langerhans (insulin and glucagon)

- Protein and polypeptide hormones

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10
Q

What are the Exocrine elements of the Pancreas?

A
  • Acinar Cells

- Releases digestive molecules into the duodenum

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11
Q

In the Pancreas, what do Acinar cells release via exocytosis And where do they release them to?

A
  • Zymogen granules

- released into intercalated ducts

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12
Q

What are the molecularly diverse elements of Zymogen granules?

A
  • Alpha-amylase
  • Lipases
  • Nucleases
  • Proteases (zymogens
    • Trypsinogen
    • Chymotrypsinogen
    • Elastase
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13
Q

What does Alpha-amylase do?

A

Hydrolyze long-chain carbs

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14
Q

What do Lipases do?

A

-Hydrolisis of lipids

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15
Q

What do Nucleases do?

A

-Hydrolisis of DNA and RNA

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16
Q

What does Trypsinogen get cleaved to and by what?

A
  • Trypsin

- By enterokinase

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17
Q

What happens to Chymotrypsinogen ?

A

-cleaved to Chymotrypsin by trypsin

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18
Q

What activate see Elastase?

A

Trypsin

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19
Q

What two proteins induce Acinar and crontroacinar exocrine activity?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

- Secretin

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20
Q

CCK

A

Neuroleptic of the central and enteric nervous system; I cells

21
Q

Secretin

A

S cells

22
Q

What are the different types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta Cells
  • Delta cells
  • PP cells
23
Q

What do Alpha cells do?

A
  • Secrete glucagon

- make up 30% of Islet cells

24
Q

What do Beta cells do?

A
  • Secrete insulin

- 65% of Islet cells

25
Q

What do delta cells do?

A
  • Secret Somatostatin
    • inhibits GI and pancreatric endocrine and exocrine secretion

-4% of Islet cells

26
Q

What do PP cells do?

A
  • Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
    • Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion, GI motility, gastric acid secretion

-less than 1% of islet cells

27
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  1. Blood reservoir (roughly 20% blood is at any given time passing through liver)
  2. Bile secretion
  3. Detoxification
  4. Metabolic Homeostasis
28
Q

What are the elements of metabolic homeostasis that happen in the liver?

A
  • Carb metabolism
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Storage
  • Serum protein production
29
Q

Describe the liver

A
  • Largest organ in the body
  • highly regenerative
  • Dual blood supply (Hepatic artery and Portal Vein?), receives 30% of cardiac output
30
Q

What are the major cell types of the liver?

A
  1. Hepatocytes
  2. Kupffer cells
  3. Sinusoidal Epithelial cells
31
Q

Describe Hepatocytes and their function.

A
  • Polarized epithelial cells
  • Metabolism carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • Produces bile from Cholesterol
  • Detoxifies endogenous and xenobiotic molecules
32
Q

Describe Kupffer cells and their function

A
  • Liver-specific macrophage
  • removes pathogens and debris from the blood
  • Prevent systemic blood wide infections
  • Filter blood
    • Clears colon and intestinal bacteria
33
Q

Describe sinusoid all epithelial cells and their function

A
  • Large Pores between cells (fenestrae)

- No basement membrane

34
Q

Two major sources of blood to the liver

A
  1. Hepatic artery (30%)

2. Portal Vein (70%)

35
Q

Normal blood volume of the liver

A
  • 450 ml

- Expansion: .5-1 L

36
Q

What are the 3 structure models of liver architecture?

A
  1. Classic Hepatic Lobule
  2. Portal Lobule
  3. Hepatic Acinus
37
Q

How does the liver maintain Carbohydrate Metabolism Homeostasis?

A
  • Glycogen Storage
  • Guconeogenisis
  • Normalizes blood glucose
38
Q

How does the liver maintain Fatty Acid Metabolism homeostasis?

A
  • Oxidizes Fatty Acids
  • Produces Ketone Bodies
  • Synthesizes fatty acids
  • Synthesizes triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
  • Forms lipoproteins to transport lipids and fatty acids
39
Q

How does the liver maintain systemic protein metabolism homeostasis?

A
  • Deaminates amino acids
  • Forms urea to remove ammonia from the blood
  • Synthesizes non-essential amino acids
40
Q

Where are Vitamins, Fatty acids, and Iron stored?

A

The liver

41
Q

What does the liver contribute to protein production?

A
  • Acute phase proteins
  • Clotting factors
  • Albumin
  • Apolipoproteins
42
Q

What happens during phase 1 of hepatocyte xenobiotic (drug)/molecule elimination?

A
  • Drugs/molecules converted to more polar compounds; oxidized
  • Cytochrome p450 and microsomal oxidases
  • Some drugs/molecules transported directly into the bile
  • Output of phase one is called a Metabolite
43
Q

What happens during phase 2 of hepatocyte xenobiotic (drug)/molecule elimination?

A
  • Drugs/molecules/phase 1 metabolites conjugated to hydrophilic molecules
  • transferases
44
Q

How are metabolites eliminated in detoxification?

A

In the bile or urine

45
Q

What is contained in Bile?

A
  • bile salts
  • cholesterol
  • phospholipids
  • bilirubins
  • waste
46
Q

What stimulates bile release And how?

A

CCK

  • contracts gallbladder smooth muscle
  • relaxes hepatoprancreatic sphincter
47
Q

What stimulates HCO3- secretion into bile?

A

Secretin

48
Q

Where are pancreatic zymogens activated?

A

In the duodenum to protect acinar cells

49
Q

What is a Zymogen?

A

-inactive enzyme precursor

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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