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Biochemisty > Lipid And Fatty Acid Metabolism* > Flashcards

Lipid And Fatty Acid Metabolism* Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 fates of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  1. Energy Substrates
  2. Precursors
  3. Structural Elements
  4. Signaling Molecules
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2
Q

What are 3 sources of lipids and fatty acids?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Adipose Storage
  3. Synthesis in Tissue
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3
Q

What are Apolipoproteins?

A
  • Lipid Binding Proteins
  • Combine with lids to form lipoproteins
  • They have diverse functions
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4
Q

Examples of signaling molecules that fatty acids and lipids are precursors for?

A
  • Serimide
  • DAG
  • Cholesterol
  • leukotrienes
  • thromboxanes
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5
Q

What two ways are Fatty Acids transported?

A
  1. Free fatty acids (carried by serum albumin)

2. Lipoproteins

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6
Q

What are Chylomicrons for And where are they synthesized?

A
  • Dietary Triglyceride Transport
  • Transport FAs for fuel or storage
  • Synthesized in enterocyte ER
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7
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein membrane-bound vesicles containing triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Chylomicrons –relatively large
  2. Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) –pretty big
  3. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
  4. High Density Lipoprotein
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9
Q

Where do VLDL deliver fatty acids?

A

To target Tissues

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10
Q

What do apolipoproteins do?

A

Activate Lipases

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11
Q

What do LDL and HDL do?

A

Transport cholesterol

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12
Q

What do free fatty acids interact with?

A

Serum Albumin

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13
Q

What releases glucagon and when?

A
  • Pancreas

- when we have low blood sugar

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14
Q

What does Protein Kinase A (PKA) do?

A
  • Phosphorylates Perilipin

- This causes Perilipin to dissociate

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15
Q

Dissociation of Perilipin causes what?

A

Release of CGI (Comparative Gene Indicator)

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16
Q

What does CGI do?

A

Activates ATGL

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17
Q

Phosphorylated Perilipin also activates what?

A

HSL

18
Q

What does MGL (Monoglyceride lipase) do?

A

Removes glycerol molecule to free up fatty acids.

19
Q

What is Beta-oxidation?

A

Process of breaking down lipids to produce energy

20
Q

What breaks down triglycerides?

A

Lipases

21
Q

What are the two components of triglycerides and where can they go after dissociation?

A
  1. Glycerol: can go to glycolysis as Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  2. Fatty acids: Form Acyl-CoA and then can help feed into citric acid cycle
22
Q

What are the 3 stages of Fatty acid oxidation?

A
  1. Beta-Oxidation
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
23
Q

What is produced during Beta-Oxidation?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA

2. NADH, FADH2

24
Q

What is produced per oxidation step in Beta-oxidation?

A

1 Acetyl CoA
1 NADH + H+
1 FADH2

25
Q

Where does Beta Oxidation feed directly into ETC?

A

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

And through the production of NADH

26
Q

What two processes does Beta Oxidation Feed into?

A
  • ETC

- Citric Acid Cycle

27
Q

T/F Odd carbon and unsaturated fatty acids undergo addition oxidation steps

A

True

28
Q

What are the stages of Fatty Acid Synthesis?

A
  1. Transport of Acetyl CoA to the cytoplasm
  2. Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA
  3. Fatty acid synthase combines Acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA to start an acyl chain
  4. Fatty acid synthase adds malonyl CoA carbons to create palmitate
  5. Fatty acids modified in ER
29
Q

What does Acetyl CoA Carboxylase do?

A

-Carboxylates acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA

30
Q

What are the two segments of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase?

A
  • Biotin Carboxylase

- Transcarboxylase

31
Q

How many domains are in Fatty Acid synthase?

A

7

32
Q

What are the two types of fatty acid synthase?

A

FAS 1

FAS 2

33
Q

What is Acyl carrier protein?

A
  • FAS prosthetic group
  • Holds Malonyl CoA in place and puts them in positions to build the right chains
  • Also has something to do with Pantothenic acid - Vitamin B5
34
Q

What are the 2 ways to form NADPH?

A
  1. Pentose Phosphate

2. Malic Enzyme

35
Q

What is the key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and breakdown regulation?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

36
Q

Carnitine acyl-transferase is inhibited by what?

A

Malonyl CoA

37
Q

When is Malonyl CoA present (Pertaining to the regulation of FA synthesis)?

A

When ACC is active

38
Q

What is a main activator of ACC?

A

Insulin (High blood glucose)

-Causes phosphatase to dephosphorylate ACC

39
Q

What is a main inhibitor of ACC?

A

Glucagon (Low blood glucose)

-causes PKA to phosphorylate ACC

40
Q

What two components form phosphatidic acid?

A

Glucose and Glycerol

41
Q

What are the two fates of Phosphatidic acid?

A
  1. Triacylglycerol

2. Gllycerophospholipid

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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