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Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease > Visual system > Flashcards

Visual system Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of optic pathway:

A

Eye - optic nerve - optic chiasm - optic tract - lateral geniculate nucleus - optic radiation - primary visual cortex (V1)

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2
Q

V1 is located in

A

Occipital love

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3
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

What information goes to the left hemisphere?

A

Right visual field from right and left eye

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5
Q

What information goes to right hemisphere?

A

Left visual information from right and left eye

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6
Q

eye can be divided into which regions in terms of visual field?

A

Temporal retina and nasal retina

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7
Q

Nasal retina information

A

Decussates in optic chiasm

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8
Q

Temporal retina information

A

Remains ipsilateral in optic chiasm/ doesn’t cross

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9
Q

Lesion in optic nerve leads to:

A

Monocular blindness in eye of nerve (loss of peripheral vision - keep the part (nasal) which is covered by both eyes)

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10
Q

Lesion at optic chiasm:

A

Bi-temporal hemionopsia (tunnel vision)

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11
Q

What leads to tunnel vision?

A

Losing the temporal fields (carried by nasal fibers)

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12
Q

Another name for tunnel vision =

A

Bi-temporal hemionopsia

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13
Q

Lesion in optic tract =

A

Homonymous hemionopsia on same side

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14
Q

Ex of lesion in optic radiation

A

Meyer’s loop

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15
Q

Meyer’s loop supplies

A

Upper visual field

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16
Q

Lesion in fiber of optic radiation =

A

Quadranopsia

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17
Q

Lesion in occipital lobe =

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

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18
Q

Why is there macular sparing in occipital lobe lesion?

A

Dual blood supply

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19
Q

3 main layers of eye:

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular/uvea
  3. Neural
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20
Q

Fibrous layer =

A

Sclera

Cornea

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21
Q

Where do muscles attach?

A

Sclera

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22
Q

Uvea =

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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23
Q

Choroid =

A

layer of connective tissue and blood vessels. nourish outer layers of retina

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24
Q

Ciliary body consists of =

A

Ciliary muscles
Ciliary processes
Zonules

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25
Function of ciliary body =
Control shape of lens | Formation of aqueous humor
26
Iris lies between the
Lens and cornea
27
Neural layer =
Retina
28
Center of retina in marked by the
Macula and fovea
29
Fovea =
High concentration of photo receptors. Visual acuity
30
Purpose of eye movements:
To move or maintain visual target on fovea (with highest res vision)
31
Eye movements can be:
Conjugate | Disconjugate
32
Purpose of eye movements can be:
Gaze stablising | Gaze shifting
33
Conjugate eye movements:
Vestibulo-ocular Optokinetic Saccade Smooth pursit
34
Vestibulo-ocular:
Gaze stabalisation | Rapid/breif head movement
35
Optokinetic:
Gaze stabalisation | Slow head movements
36
Saccade:
Gaze shifting | Directs eyes towards visual target
37
Smooth pursuit:
Gaze shifting | Follows moving visual target
38
Disconjugate eye movement and purpose:
Vergence | Adjusts eyes for different viewing distance
39
Extraocular muscles:
- Lateral rectus - Medial rectus - Superior rectus - Inferior rectus - Superior oblique - Inferior oblique
40
SO4 LR6
Superior oblique 4 | Lateral rectus 6
41
Elevation by
Superior rectus | Inferior oblique
42
Depression by
Inferior rectus | Superior oblique
43
Intorsion by
Superior rectus | Superior oblique
44
Extorsion by
Inferior rectus | Infectior oblique
45
Adduction by
Medial rectus
46
Abduction by
Lateral rectus
47
Zonules =
Attach cilliary body to lens
48
Muscles within what help the pupil to change size
Iris
49
Pupil constriction =
Miosis
50
Pupil dilation =
Mydriasis
51
Miosis what is active and relaxed
Iris sphincter | Dilator relaxed
52
Miosis is under what control
Parasympathetic (relaxed state)
53
Mydriasis is under what control
Sympathetic
54
Tropicamide:
Anti-muscarinic, causes dilation
55
Atropine:
anti-muscarinic: causes dilation
56
Condition in which 2 pupils are different sizes =
Anisocoria
57
Where does ocular motor nerve originate in brainstem?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
58
Ocular motor nerve carries what innervation
Parasympathetic to sphincter
59
Synapse of oculomotor n =
Cilliary ganglion | Short cillary nerve
60
What nerve carries innervation to dilator muscle?
Opthalmic nerve (V1)
61
When an object is distant, light rays are what so lense is what
Parallel | Flatter
62
When an object is near, light rays are what so lense is what
Diverging | Rounder
63
Accommodation reflex =
Focus on near objects
64
Accommodation reflex is under what control?
Parasympathetic control
65
Where is aqueous humor located primarily?
Anterior chamber
66
Function of aqueous humor
- Nourishment to outer layers - Intraocular pressure - Vitamin C to front (antioxidant) - Protection against dust and wind
67
What drains aqueous humour
Trabecular meshwork | Schlemm's canal
68
2 main types of blood flow:
1. Retinal artery | 2. Choroid
69
World-leading causes of blindness:
- Cataracts - Uncorrected refractive error - Glaucoma - Age-related macular degeneration - Diabetic retinopathy - Corneal opacities
70
Cataracts effect which part of the eye?
Lens
71
Cataracts -
Opacification of lense caused by compaction and protein deposition.
72
Risk factors for cataracts:
- Age - Traume - Diabetes - Smoking - UVB light - Genetic
73
Treatment of catracts:
Outpatient surgery, lense removed and replaced with artificial
74
Glaucoma:
Group of eye diseases in which optic nerve is damaged by pressure inside eye
75
Risk factors of glaucoma:
- Age - Recent surgery or trauma - High IOP - High BP - Severe myopia - Long-term corticosteroid use
76
2 types of glaucoma:
Primary open angle | Acute closed angle
77
Which type of glaucoma is more common and chronic?
Primary open angle
78
Cause of primary open angle glaucoma:
BLockage of trabecular meshwork
79
Symptoms of primary open angle glaucoma:
Gradual loss of vision starting in peripheries
80
Cause of acute closed angle glaucoma
Iris bows, closes the antierior chamber angle and blocks drainage
81
Symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma:
``` Sudden, severe stabbing pain Sudden vision loss Red eye Head pain Nausea/vomiting ```
82
3 tests for glaucoma
Tonometry - measure IOP Peripheral fields Fundus photography
83
What might you see in fundus photography in a patient with glaucoma?
Cupping
84
Treatments for glaucoma:
- Reduce aqueous humor: beta blockers, alpha blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. - Increase trabecular outflow: muscarinic agonists - Increase uveoscleral outflow: prostaglandin agonists
85
Pilocarpine:
Muscarinic agonist
86
Ex of beta-blocker
Betatoxolol
87
Retinal cell types in order:
Ganglion cells - Biopolar cells + horizontal cells - photoreceptors, rods and cones - pigmented epithelium
88
Cones:
High density in fovea Daytime vision Colour (red, green, blue)
89
Which cone detects highest wavelength
Red
90
Rods:
Non in center, lots outside center Night vision Very sensitive to light Grey scale
91
Which photoreceptor is most sensitive to light?
Rods
92
Red/green colour blindness is what (genetic)
X linked
93
Blue colour blindness is what (genetic)
Chromosome 7
94
Only have 2 cone types =
Dichromats
95
Protanopes Deuteranopes Tritanopes
No Red No Green No Blue
96
Have 3 cone types but sensitivity of one is shifted towards others:
Anomalous trichromats
97
Protanomalous trichromat Deuteranomalous trichromat Tritanomalous trichromat
Red shifted Green shifted Blue shifted
98
Information from fovea is processed where in occipital lobe?
Back
99
Information from peripheral is proccessed where in occipital lobe?
Anteiror
100
V4
Colour
101
V5
Motion
102
Problem with V4 can cause:
Achromatopsia
103
Problem with V5 can cause:
Akinetopsia
104
'where' pathway - what lobe
Posterior-parietal cortex
105
'what' pathway - what lobe
Inferio-temporal
106
Lesion to dorsal stem/posterior parietal lobe =
Optic ataxia
107
Lesion of ventral stem/inferior temporal lobe =
Visual agnosia
108
Visual agnosia =
The man who mistook his wife for a hat!

Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease (22 decks)

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