Functional and clinical anatomy of the shoulder

Question 1

Name the 3 basic bones of the shoulder

Answer 1

Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus

Question 2

Name a joint between the clavicle and scapula

Answer 2

Acromioclavicular joint (between the acromium of the scapula and clavicle).

Question 3

Generally, what type of muscles attach to the coracoid?

Answer 3

Flexors and adductors of the limb

Question 4

Generally, what type of muscles attach to the scapula?

Answer 4

Extenders and abductors of the limb

Question 5

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 5

Plane types synovial joint

Question 6

What does the proximal head of humerus articulate with to form the shoulder joint?

Answer 6

Glenoid fossa of the scapula

Question 7

Name the joint between the humerus and the scapula

Answer 7

Glenohumeral joint

Question 8

Name the 2 tubercules of the proximal humerus

Answer 8

Greater and lesser tubercles - form attachments for muscles

Question 9

What runs in the intertubercular groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

Answer 9

Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle.

Question 10

What is the difference between the anatomical neck and surgical neck oft he humerus?

Answer 10

Anatomical neck = where bone grows from

Surgical neck = narrowest point, most likely to fracture

Question 11

What nerve runs around the surgical neck of the humerus?

Answer 11

Axillary nerve

Question 12

Explain how a fracture in the neck of the humerus can cause ‘Sargent’s stripes parasthesia’

Answer 12

Fracture - tear of the axillary nerve - loss of sensation laterally over the shoulder - paralysis of deltoid muscle

Question 13

Name 3 muscles which originate/attach at the corachoid process of the scapula

Answer 13

1. Pectoralis minor
2. Coracobrachialis
3. Short head of biceps brachii

Question 14

Name 4 fossas of the scapula

Answer 14

1. Glenoid fossa
2. Subscapular fossa
3. Supraspinous fossa
4. Infraspinous fossa

Question 15

Where does the long head of the biceps brachii attach?

Answer 15

Supraglenoid tubercle

Question 16

Where does the long head of the triceps brachii attach?

Answer 16

Infraglenoid tubercle

Question 17

Why is the shoulder joint a relatively unstable joint?

Answer 17

Glenoid cavity is substantially smaller than the head of the humerus - allows a good degree of mobility around the joint.

Question 18

What is used to stabilise the shoulder joint?

Answer 18

Tendons, ligaments and muscles

Question 19

Ligaments between the scapula/clavicle.

Answer 19

• Acromioclavicular ligament
• Coracoacromio ligament
• Coracoclavicular ligaments (trapezoid and conoid)

Question 20

Ligaments between clavicle/sternum

Answer 20

• Sternoclavicular ligaments
• Costoclavicular ligaments
• Interclavicular ligaments

Question 21

Ligaments involving the humerus

Answer 21

• Coracohumeral ligament
• Glenohuemral ligament
• Transverse humeral ligament

Question 22

A fibrocartilaginous structure rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity which acts to deepen the socket

Answer 22

The labrum glenoidale

Question 23

How many muscles are there in the rotator cuff?

Answer 23

4

Question 24

Muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 24

1. Supraspinatous
2. Infraspinatous
3. Subscapularis
4. Teres minor

Question 25

Why is it easy to dislocate shoulder inferiorly?

Answer 25

No muscles pass underneath.

Question 26

Superficial extrinsic muscles

Answer 26

- Trapezius | - Latissimus Dorsii

Question 27

Deep extrinsic muscles

Answer 27

- Levator Scapulae - Rhomboid major - Rhomboid minor

Question 28

Shoulder movements:

Answer 28

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation

Question 29

What is a bursa?

Answer 29

synovial fluid-filled sac which acts as a cushion between tendons and other joint structures.

Question 30

Pain in first part of arc =

Answer 30

Problem with glenohumeral joint

Question 31

Pain in last part of arc =

Answer 31

Problem with acromioclavicular joint

Question 32

If you had supraspinatous tendonitis, which part of the arc would be painful?

Answer 32

Middle part