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Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease > The ear and hearing > Flashcards

The ear and hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Visible part of ear =

A

Pinna, auricle

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2
Q

Outer curvature of the auricle =

A

Helix

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3
Q

Second innermost curvature of auricle =

A

Antihelix

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4
Q

What divides into 2 crura?

A

Antihelix

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5
Q

crura of the antihelix =

A

Inferoanterior

Superoposterior

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6
Q

Hollow depression in middle of outer ear =

A

concha

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7
Q

Function of outer ear =

A

Filter sound for the frequency of human speech
External sound waves directed into canal to eardrum
Aid verticle localisation

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8
Q

Walls of external auditory meatus =

A

External 1/3rd cartilage

Inner 2/3rd temporal bone

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9
Q

What is found in the cartilagnous portion of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Hair
Sebaceous gland
Ceruminous glands

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10
Q

Ear wax =

A

Cerumen

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11
Q

Function of external acoustic meatus =

A

Focuses energy on eardrum

Amplifies sound frequecies of human speech

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12
Q

Ear drum is also the

A

Tympanic membrane

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13
Q

What shape in the tympanic membrane?

A

Concave

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14
Q

Umbo =

A

Most depressed part of the concavity of the tympanic membrane

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15
Q

What bone is firmly attached to the medial tympanic surface?

A

Malleus

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16
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Converts acoustic energy into kinetic energy

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17
Q

Perforation of the tympanic membrane causes =

A

Conductive hearing loss. Won’t vibrate as normal.

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18
Q

What bone is the middle and inner ear in?

A

Temporal bone

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19
Q

Middle ear is filled with what medium

A

Air

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20
Q

Function of middle ear:

A

Convert kinetic energy into hydraulic energy

Amplify and focus sound

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21
Q

Ossicle bones (in order)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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22
Q

Foot plate of stapes articulates with:

A

Oval window

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23
Q

Why do we have 3 ossicle bones?

A

Large surface tympanum transmitted to small footplate of stapes - concentration and amplification of sound energy
Increases efficiency and concentration of sound

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24
Q

Eustachian tube connects

A

Middle ear and nasopharynx

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25
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A

Allows for pressure equalisaiton between middle ear and external ear

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26
Q

What does the eustachian tube prevent?

A

Damage to tympanic membrane due to large external pressure changes (e.g. high altitude, under water)

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27
Q

2 muscles of the middle ear:

A

Tensor tympanii

Stapedius

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28
Q

Tensor tympanii is found on

A

Handle of malleus

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29
Q

Stapedius is found on

A

Stapes

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30
Q

What nerve innervated tensor tympani?

A

Madibular trigeminal nerve (V3)

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31
Q

What nerve innervates stapedius

A

Facial nerve

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32
Q

When else is the tensor tympani active?

A

Chewing

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33
Q

When else is stapedius active?

A

Speaking

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34
Q

Contraction of inner ear muscles causes

A

Ossicles not to vibrate as well = dampens sound reaching inner ear

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35
Q

Acoustic reflex =

A

Contraction of TT and stapedius when a loud noise occurs or when speaking

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36
Q

Facial nerve gives off which 2 branches that enter the middle ear cavity?

A

Chorda typmani

Stapedial nerve

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37
Q

Chorda tympani innervates

A

Anterior 2/3rd tongue taste

38
Q

Bone conducts which frequencies better (hint = your voice on video)

A

Lower

39
Q

Basis of hearing aids of people with reduced middle ear function =

A

Conductive. Screw on aid to bone - make use of bone conduction pathway

40
Q

What makes up the labyrinth/inner ear?

A

Vestibular system - vestible, semicircular canals

Cochlear

41
Q

Inner ear uses the movement of fluid to detect what?

A

Vestibular - sense of rotational and translational accelerations
Cochlea - external pressure changes (sound)

42
Q

2 parts of labrynth and what they contain

A

Bony - perilymph

Membranous - endolymph

43
Q

Perilymph is high in =

A

Na+

44
Q

Endolymph is high in =

A

K+

45
Q

Membranous labyrinth conforms to the shape of the bony part except in what region?

A

Vestibule region

46
Q

Cochlea makes how many turns around the modiolus?

A

2 3/4

47
Q

3 chambers in each cochlear section =

A

Scala media
Scala vestibule
Scala tympani

48
Q

Scala media =

A

Membranous part, filled with endolymph

49
Q

Scala vestible =

A

Above scala media, filled with perilymph

50
Q

Scala tympani =

A

Below scala media, filled with perilymph

51
Q

Reissner’s membrane =

A

Separates scala vestibuli and scala media

52
Q

Basilar membrane =

A

Between scala media and scala tympani

53
Q

Basilar membrane contains =

A

Organ of corti

54
Q

Basilar membrane is stiffest at =

A

Base of cortex

55
Q

Basilar membrane is least stiff at =

A

Helicotrema

56
Q

What forms the tonotrophic map on the Basilar membrane

A

High-pitches sounds sensed at base of cochlea, low pitches sounds at apex

57
Q

Human range of hearing =

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

58
Q

< 20 Hz

A

Infrasound

59
Q

> 20,000 Hz

A

Ultrasound

60
Q

What is another name for the scala media?

A

Cochlear duct

61
Q

What protrudes from the hair cells?

A

Stereocillia

Kinocillium

62
Q

Stimulate hair cell =

A

Stereocilia toward kinocillum

63
Q

Displaces hair cell =

A

Stereocillia away from kinocillum

64
Q

What can cause irreversible damage to hair cells?

A

Excessively loud noise - can be specific over a frequency

65
Q

Auditory complex is located in

A

Temporal lobe

66
Q

Brodmanns areas auditory complex

A

41 and 42

67
Q

Mneumonic for auditory pathway:

A 
SLIM
S - superior olviary nucleaus
L - lateral lemniscus
I - inferior colliculus
M - medial geniculate nucleus
68
Q

Partial decussation occurs between =

A

Superior olivary nuclei

Inferior colliculi

69
Q

Auditory pathway - WITH REGIONS OF BRAIN

A

Ear –> Cochlear nucleus –> superior olivary complex (medial and lateral) in brain stem –> lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculi (midbrain) –> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) –> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

70
Q

Auditory cortex has what (like the basilar membrane)

A

tonotopic map

71
Q

Sound localisation can be:

A

Horizontal

Vertical

72
Q

Decussation allows what to occur in the SON

A

Inputs from left and right ears to be compared

73
Q

Medial SON:

A

Detects differences in time (low frequency)

74
Q

Lateral SON:

A

Detects differences in intensity (high frequency)

75
Q

What range is a mixture of medial SON and lateral SON used for

A

80 - 16,000 Hz

76
Q

Sound localisation for verticle plane:

A

Relies on structure of pinna and shadowing of head

77
Q

2 types of hearing loss

A

Conductive

Sensorineural

78
Q

Conductive hearing loss is a problem with:

A
  • Outer ear
  • Typmanic membrane
  • Middle ear
79
Q

Common causes of conductive hearing loss

A
  • Wax
  • Otitis externa
  • Otitis media
  • Perfortion
80
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss is a problem with:

A

Cochlea, organ of corti
CN VIII
Auditory cortex

81
Q

Examples of causes of sensorineural hearing loss:

A 
Congenital
Presbycusis
Inflammatory disease (mumps, meningitis, syphillis)
Menieres disease
Ototoxic drugs
trauma
noise-induced
82
Q

Ototoxic drug ex

A

Gentamycin

83
Q

Presbycusis =

A

Age-related deterioration

84
Q

Normal rinne rest

A

AC > BC

85
Q

Abnormal Rinne test can diagnose

A

Conductive hearing loss

86
Q

What can Rinne test not diagnose?

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

87
Q

What does Weber’s test do?

A

Distinguish between conductive and sensorineural unilateral hearing loss

88
Q

What does weber test rely on?

A

Unilateral hearing loss

Patient knowning affecet ear

89
Q

Sound louder in normal ear =

A

Sensorineural

90
Q

Sound louder in defective ear =

A

Conductive

Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease (22 decks)

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