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Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease > The ear and hearing > Flashcards

The ear and hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Visible part of ear =

A

Pinna, auricle

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2
Q

Outer curvature of the auricle =

A

Helix

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3
Q

Second innermost curvature of auricle =

A

Antihelix

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4
Q

What divides into 2 crura?

A

Antihelix

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5
Q

crura of the antihelix =

A

Inferoanterior

Superoposterior

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6
Q

Hollow depression in middle of outer ear =

A

concha

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7
Q

Function of outer ear =

A

Filter sound for the frequency of human speech
External sound waves directed into canal to eardrum
Aid verticle localisation

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8
Q

Walls of external auditory meatus =

A

External 1/3rd cartilage

Inner 2/3rd temporal bone

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9
Q

What is found in the cartilagnous portion of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Hair
Sebaceous gland
Ceruminous glands

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10
Q

Ear wax =

A

Cerumen

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11
Q

Function of external acoustic meatus =

A

Focuses energy on eardrum

Amplifies sound frequecies of human speech

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12
Q

Ear drum is also the

A

Tympanic membrane

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13
Q

What shape in the tympanic membrane?

A

Concave

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14
Q

Umbo =

A

Most depressed part of the concavity of the tympanic membrane

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15
Q

What bone is firmly attached to the medial tympanic surface?

A

Malleus

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16
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Converts acoustic energy into kinetic energy

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17
Q

Perforation of the tympanic membrane causes =

A

Conductive hearing loss. Won’t vibrate as normal.

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18
Q

What bone is the middle and inner ear in?

A

Temporal bone

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19
Q

Middle ear is filled with what medium

A

Air

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20
Q

Function of middle ear:

A

Convert kinetic energy into hydraulic energy

Amplify and focus sound

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21
Q

Ossicle bones (in order)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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22
Q

Foot plate of stapes articulates with:

A

Oval window

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23
Q

Why do we have 3 ossicle bones?

A

Large surface tympanum transmitted to small footplate of stapes - concentration and amplification of sound energy
Increases efficiency and concentration of sound

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24
Q

Eustachian tube connects

A

Middle ear and nasopharynx

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25
What does the eustachian tube do?
Allows for pressure equalisaiton between middle ear and external ear
26
What does the eustachian tube prevent?
Damage to tympanic membrane due to large external pressure changes (e.g. high altitude, under water)
27
2 muscles of the middle ear:
Tensor tympanii | Stapedius
28
Tensor tympanii is found on
Handle of malleus
29
Stapedius is found on
Stapes
30
What nerve innervated tensor tympani?
Madibular trigeminal nerve (V3)
31
What nerve innervates stapedius
Facial nerve
32
When else is the tensor tympani active?
Chewing
33
When else is stapedius active?
Speaking
34
Contraction of inner ear muscles causes
Ossicles not to vibrate as well = dampens sound reaching inner ear
35
Acoustic reflex =
Contraction of TT and stapedius when a loud noise occurs or when speaking
36
Facial nerve gives off which 2 branches that enter the middle ear cavity?
Chorda typmani | Stapedial nerve
37
Chorda tympani innervates
Anterior 2/3rd tongue taste
38
Bone conducts which frequencies better (hint = your voice on video)
Lower
39
Basis of hearing aids of people with reduced middle ear function =
Conductive. Screw on aid to bone - make use of bone conduction pathway
40
What makes up the labyrinth/inner ear?
Vestibular system - vestible, semicircular canals | Cochlear
41
Inner ear uses the movement of fluid to detect what?
Vestibular - sense of rotational and translational accelerations Cochlea - external pressure changes (sound)
42
2 parts of labrynth and what they contain
Bony - perilymph | Membranous - endolymph
43
Perilymph is high in =
Na+
44
Endolymph is high in =
K+
45
Membranous labyrinth conforms to the shape of the bony part except in what region?
Vestibule region
46
Cochlea makes how many turns around the modiolus?
2 3/4
47
3 chambers in each cochlear section =
Scala media Scala vestibule Scala tympani
48
Scala media =
Membranous part, filled with endolymph
49
Scala vestible =
Above scala media, filled with perilymph
50
Scala tympani =
Below scala media, filled with perilymph
51
Reissner's membrane =
Separates scala vestibuli and scala media
52
Basilar membrane =
Between scala media and scala tympani
53
Basilar membrane contains =
Organ of corti
54
Basilar membrane is stiffest at =
Base of cortex
55
Basilar membrane is least stiff at =
Helicotrema
56
What forms the tonotrophic map on the Basilar membrane
High-pitches sounds sensed at base of cochlea, low pitches sounds at apex
57
Human range of hearing =
20 - 20,000 Hz
58
< 20 Hz
Infrasound
59
> 20,000 Hz
Ultrasound
60
What is another name for the scala media?
Cochlear duct
61
What protrudes from the hair cells?
Stereocillia | Kinocillium
62
Stimulate hair cell =
Stereocilia toward kinocillum
63
Displaces hair cell =
Stereocillia away from kinocillum
64
What can cause irreversible damage to hair cells?
Excessively loud noise - can be specific over a frequency
65
Auditory complex is located in
Temporal lobe
66
Brodmanns areas auditory complex
41 and 42
67
Mneumonic for auditory pathway:
``` SLIM S - superior olviary nucleaus L - lateral lemniscus I - inferior colliculus M - medial geniculate nucleus ```
68
Partial decussation occurs between =
Superior olivary nuclei | Inferior colliculi
69
Auditory pathway - WITH REGIONS OF BRAIN
Ear --> Cochlear nucleus --> superior olivary complex (medial and lateral) in brain stem --> lateral lemniscus --> inferior colliculi (midbrain) --> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) --> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
70
Auditory cortex has what (like the basilar membrane)
tonotopic map
71
Sound localisation can be:
Horizontal | Vertical
72
Decussation allows what to occur in the SON
Inputs from left and right ears to be compared
73
Medial SON:
Detects differences in time (low frequency)
74
Lateral SON:
Detects differences in intensity (high frequency)
75
What range is a mixture of medial SON and lateral SON used for
80 - 16,000 Hz
76
Sound localisation for verticle plane:
Relies on structure of pinna and shadowing of head
77
2 types of hearing loss
Conductive | Sensorineural
78
Conductive hearing loss is a problem with:
- Outer ear - Typmanic membrane - Middle ear
79
Common causes of conductive hearing loss
- Wax - Otitis externa - Otitis media - Perfortion
80
Sensorineural hearing loss is a problem with:
Cochlea, organ of corti CN VIII Auditory cortex
81
Examples of causes of sensorineural hearing loss:
``` Congenital Presbycusis Inflammatory disease (mumps, meningitis, syphillis) Menieres disease Ototoxic drugs trauma noise-induced ```
82
Ototoxic drug ex
Gentamycin
83
Presbycusis =
Age-related deterioration
84
Normal rinne rest
AC > BC
85
Abnormal Rinne test can diagnose
Conductive hearing loss
86
What can Rinne test not diagnose?
Sensorineural hearing loss
87
What does Weber's test do?
Distinguish between conductive and sensorineural unilateral hearing loss
88
What does weber test rely on?
Unilateral hearing loss | Patient knowning affecet ear
89
Sound louder in normal ear =
Sensorineural
90
Sound louder in defective ear =
Conductive

Neurological, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disease (22 decks)

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