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Medicine, Year 2, Block 12 (Neurological, Neuromuscular, and MSK Diseases) > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

How does sensory information from the eye travel to the Primary visual cortex? What is its route

A

Eye -> Optic nerve -> Optic chiasm -> Optic tract -> Lateral geniculate nucleus -> Optic radiation -> Primary visual cortex

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2
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located? What Broadmann’s area is it?

A

Occipital lobe, Brodmann’s area 17, 18, 19

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3
Q

If a patient experiences a visual field loss which is homonymous (same side in both eyes), what does this suggest?

A

The lesion has occured posterior to the optic chiasm

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4
Q

Lesions occuring at the optic chiasm would lead to what type of partial blindness?

A

Heteronymous hemianopia (loss of vision in opposite fields of each eye)

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5
Q

Complete blindness in one visual field (left or right) would suggest a lesion were?

A

Optic nerve

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6
Q

What are the three main layers of the eye?

A
  • Fibrous later (outermost)
  • Vascular layer (middle)
  • Neural layer (inner)
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7
Q

What two structures comprise the Fibrous layer (outer layer) of the eye?

A

Cornea and sclera

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8
Q

What three structures comprise the Vascular layer (middle layer) of the eye?

A

Iris, cilliary body and choroid

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9
Q

What one structure comprises the Neural layer (inner layer) of the eye?

A

Retina

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10
Q

What is the centre part of the retina called?

A

Fovea (highest resolution of vision, highest density of neurones)

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11
Q

What are the two main functions of eye movements?

A

Gaze stabilisation

Gaze shifting

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12
Q

Which muscle closes the eyelid?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris (LPS)

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13
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye

A 
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
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14
Q

What is the main function of the Medial Rectus muscle?

A

Adduction of eye

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15
Q

What is the main function of the Lateral Rectus muscle?

A

Abduction of eye

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16
Q

What is the main function of the Inferior Rectus muscle?

A

Depression of eye

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17
Q

What is the main function of the Superior Rectus muscle?

A

Elevation of eye

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18
Q

What is the main function of the Superior Oblique muscle?

A

Intorsion of eye

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19
Q

What is the main function of the Inferior Oblique muscle?

A

Extortion of eye

20
Q

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) innervates what Extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Medial Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Superior Rectus
Inferior Oblique

21
Q

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) innervates what Extrinstic eye muscle?

A

Superior Oblique (SO4)

22
Q

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens) innervates what Extrinstic eye muscle?

A

Lateral Rectus (LR6)

23
Q

Which part of the brain controls eye movements?

A

Frontal Eye Field (FEF)

24
Q

Which part of the brain controls planning of eye movements?

A

Supplementary Eye Field (SEF)

25
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in maintaining visual attention?

A

Posterior Parietal Cortex

26
Q

What is the role of Supplementary Eye Field (SEF)?

A

Planning of eye movements

27
Q

What is the role of Posterior Parietal Cortex?

A

Maintaining visual attention

28
Q

What is the role of Superior Colliculus with respect to eyes?

A

Orientation to object in the visual field

29
Q

What is Anisocoria?

A

Unequal size of pupils in eyes

30
Q

Pupil constriction is also known as..? Is the iris sphincter active or relaxed?

A

Miosis, sphincter active

31
Q

Pupil dilation is also known as..? Is the iris sphincter active or relaxed?

A

Mydriasis, sphincter relaxed

32
Q

Miosis and Mydriasis is under sympathetic or parasympathic control?

A 
Miosis = Parasympathetic
Mydriasis = Sympathetic
33
Q

The accomodation reflex is under what control? Sympathetic or parasympthatic?

A

Parasympathetic control

34
Q

What are Cataracts?

A

Clouding of lens caused by compaction and protein deposition

35
Q

What are risk factors for Cataracts?

A

Aging, trauma, diabetes, smoking, UVB light, genetic (congenital cataracts)

36
Q

What is the anterior chamber filled with?

A

Aqueous humour

37
Q

What is the role of Cilliary epithelium of the Ciliary body in the eye?

A

Production of Aqueous humour for the Anterior and Posterior Chamber

38
Q

How is the Aqueous humour drained from the eye?

A

Out of the lens, through pupil, into anterior chamber. The drain through trabecular meshwork and then Schlemm’s canal and out of the eye

39
Q

What are risk factors for Glaucoma’s?

A

Raised intraocular pressure (normal = 12-22)
Hypertension
Long-term steroid use
Severe myopia (-6.00)

40
Q

What is the most common type of Glaucoma? What is it caused by? Is it acute or chronic?

A

Open-angle Glaucoma, caused by blockage of Trabecular meshwork. It is chronic

41
Q

What is closed-angle Glaucoma caused by?

A

Caused by raised intra-ocular pressure which bows the iris and closes the anterior chamber. It is an acute medical emergency

42
Q

What are some treatment options for Glaucoma? 4 groups

A
  • Beta blockers
  • Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Miotics (muscarinic agonists)
43
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Acetazolamide?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, preventing Sodium reabsorption and thus allowing water secretion and reduction of Intraocular pressure

44
Q

What is the main blood supply to the eye?

A

Choroid and choriocapillaries (outer retina)

Central retinal artery and vein (inner retina)

45
Q

Is the fovea vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

46
Q

Red/green colour blindness particularly affects which gender? Why?

A

Red-green colour blindness, because it is X-linked

47
Q

What are the two cell types in the Lateral genicular nucleus? What do they detect?

A

Magnocellular (detects light / dark)

Parvocellular (detects colour)

Medicine, Year 2, Block 12 (Neurological, Neuromuscular, and MSK Diseases) (36 decks)

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