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Physiology Exam VI > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What is happening during presbyopia

A

near point of vision recedes

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2
Q

how is the image on retina in comparision to IRL

A

inverted and reversed

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3
Q

near response when someone looks at a near object

A

accommodation
convergence of visual axes
pupils constrict

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4
Q

what is unique about the optic disc

A

it’s a blind spot

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5
Q

scotoma

A

a visual field defect

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6
Q

what is responsible for scotopic vision

A

rods

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7
Q

what is responsible for phototopic vision

A

cones

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8
Q

what type of vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness

A

vit A

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9
Q

what do photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain

A

melanopsin

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10
Q

function of melanopsin

A

measure overall light intensity

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11
Q

what is happening in the dark

A

channels tha tpermit entry of Na+ and Ca++ are help open by cGMP

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12
Q

what happens when the channels that permit entry of Na+ and Ca++ are open

A

depolarization, release of neurotranmiter

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13
Q

capture o fa photon activates what

A

visual pigment (ex - rhodopsin)

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14
Q

when do photoreceptors hyperpolarize

A

when K+ leaves cell

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15
Q

what is the retina formed by embryologically

A

evagination of the diencephalon

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16
Q

what makes up the optic nerve and tract

A

axons of ganglion cells

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17
Q

what are axons in the optic nerve/tract myelinated by

A

oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

where does preliminary processing of visual information take place

A

in retina

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19
Q

what are the only things that produce APs in the eye

A

ganglion cells

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20
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors

A

glutamate

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21
Q

what is the result of glutamate

A

it can excite or inhibit bipolar cells

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22
Q

what is the receptive field of a neuron

A

the area of retina from which the neuron can be influenced

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23
Q

what is the organization of bipolar celll receptive fields

A

center-surrond

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24
Q

what do bipolar cells response better to

A

properly position spot of light than to even illumination

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25
Q

Where do retinal fiberss terminate

A

lateral geniculate of thalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
pretectal nucleus
superior colliculus

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26
Q

what is the function of the retinal cells that terminate in the lateral geniculate of thalamus

A

relays to visual cortex and recieves input from the visual cortex

27
Q

where do most retinal cells terminate

A

LGN

28
Q

what is the function of retinal cells that terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythms

29
Q

what is the function of retinal cells that terminate in the pretectal nucleus

A

mediate pupillary light reflexes

30
Q

what is the function of retinal cells that terminate in the superior colliculus

A

in response to visual stimuli can cause eyes, head, and body to turn towards stimuli

31
Q

where do ganglion cell axons from the nasal retina cross

A

at optic chiasm

32
Q

what causes bitemporal hemianopsia

A

damage to central part of optic chiasm

33
Q

what causes homonymous hemianopsia

A

contralateral to optic tract damage

34
Q

what causes superior-quadrant anopsia

A

contralteral to lesion of Meyer’s loop

35
Q

What is the dorsal pathway responsible for

A

analysis of motion and relative posititions of object in visual scene

36
Q

what is ventral stream responsible for

A

high level form vision and object recognization

37
Q

prosopagnosia

A

visually identifying faces

38
Q

object agnosia

A

problem identifying objects

39
Q

cerebral akinetopsia

A

loss of ability to see motion

40
Q

short wavelength cone

A

blue

41
Q

middle wavelength cone

A

green

42
Q

long wavelength cone

A

red

43
Q

what is red green color blinded caused by

A

missing either red or green cone

44
Q

what do red green color blindness have trouble distinguishing between

A

green, yellow, orange, red

45
Q

monochromatopsia

A

either you have 1 cone or no cones

46
Q

how do you test for color blindness

A

ishihara charts

47
Q

where are the genes for red and green cone pigments

A

X chromosome

48
Q

where is teh gene for blue cone pigmenet

A

chromosome 7

49
Q

where is the gene for rhodopsin

A

chromosome 3

50
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

requires binocular vision. can make use of binocular disparity for near objects

51
Q

strabismus

A

squint or cross eyes

52
Q

amblyopia

A

brain ignores the suppressed eye

53
Q

what happens if you have retinal detachment

A

vitreous body will seep behind retina, cause further detachment

54
Q

fovea

A

highest acuity

55
Q

where do the major blodo vessels orginate from

A

optic disk

56
Q

foveola

A

center of fovea

57
Q

what is unique about foveola

A

avascular

58
Q

where are cones located

A

center of fovea

59
Q

what cones are located in the very center of the fovea

A

red and green

60
Q

where is the highest concentration of rods

A

just outside the fovea

61
Q

mesopic vision

A

rods and cones (moonlight)

62
Q

quadrantopsia

A

blind in one quadrant

63
Q

what is quadrantopsia caused by

A

lesion in meyer’s loop or superior radiations on contraltareal side

64
Q

what causes hemianopsia with macular sparing

A

lesion in optic radiations

Physiology Exam VI (18 decks)

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