Basal Ganglia Flashcards
what are the 5 basal nuclei
caudate putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra
main afferent to basal ganglia are to what
striatum
main efferent from basal ganglia are from
globus pallidus and substantia nigra
what is the direct path
straitum projects to Gpi/SNr
what is the indirect path
striatum to globus pallidus external segment
Gpe to subthalamic nuclus or to Gpi/SNr
STN to Gpi/SNr
corticostriate projections are what
excitatory
what do corticostriate projections release
glutamate
where do corticostriate projections release glutamate to
medium spiny neurons in striatum
medium spiny neurons of stratum release what
GABA
what kind of transmitter is GABA
inhibitory
SNC projection to striatum releases what
doapmine
what kind of transmitter is dopamine
excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type
function of body movement loop
selectively acitivate some movements/suppress others
origin of body movement loop
primary motor, premotor and supplementary motor
what is the origin of oculomotor loop
frontal eye field and supplementary eye field
function of oculomotor loop
control of saccadic eye movements
origin of prefrontal loop
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
function of prefrontal loop
regulate initiation and termination of cognitive processes such as planning, attention and working memory
origin of limbic loop
anterior cingulate and oribtal frontal cortex
what does limbic loop include
ventral striatum
what is nucleus accumbens involved in
addiction
functino of limbic loop
regualte emotional behavior and motivation
toureete syndrome is associated with abnormalities where
limbic loop
symptoms of parkinson’s
rhythmic tremor
increase muscle toon
abnormal gait
slowness in movement
akinesia
lack of movement
masked facies
lack normal facial movements
festing gait
walk fast due to flexed posture
micrographia
small handwriting
frozen gait syndrome
unable to start walking or just stop moving forward while walking
pathophysiology of parkinsons
degeneration of dopaminergic projection to striatum from substantia nigra, accumulation of alpha-synuclein
chorea
involutnary movement
symptoms of huntingtons
chorea
dementia
slow voluntary movemnts
pathophysiology for huntingtons
selective loss of GABA/enkephalin projection from striatum to GPe
widespread degeneration of striatal neurons
loss of cortical neurons
hemiballismus
involuntary, violent, flinging movements of a limb while pt is awake
hemiballismus on one side of body is often associate with a lesion where
contralteral subthalamic nucleus
dyskinesia
involutnary movements
tardive dyskinesia
iatrogenic disorder due to long-term treatment with drugs that affect dopamine systems
athetosis
slow, writhing movements
generally is thalamus excitatory or inhibitory
excitory
generally in basal ganglia excitory or inhibioty
inhibotry (except csubthalamic nucleus)
general function of globus pallidus
inhibit the thalamus
function of putamen
control body
function of caudate
body/eye movement control
functino of cerebral cortex
excite caudate
is caudate exictory or inhibitory
inhbits globus pallidus
removing dopamingeric inputs from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen results in
can’t start movement
what releases acetylcholine
interneurons
what drug therapy can you give people with parkinsons
acetycholine antagonists
corpus striatum
neostriatum and paleostriatum
neostriatum
putamen + caudate nucleus
paleostriatum
pallidum
