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Physiology Exam VI > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What Hz are alpha waves at

A

8-13 Hz

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2
Q

What Hz are beta waves at

A

13-30 Hz

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3
Q

What Hz are theta waves at

A

4-7 Hz

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4
Q

What Hz are delta waves at

A

0.5-3.5

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5
Q

What type of waves are associated with sleep in a healthy adult

A

theta and delta

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6
Q

What are alpha waves associated with

A

state of relaxed wakefullness in adult with eyes closed

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7
Q

what regions of the brain are alpha waves prominent over

A

occipital and parietal

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8
Q

what region of the brain are beta waves prominent over

A

frotnal region

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9
Q

theories for why we sleep

A

removal neurotoxic waste products

learning and memory

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10
Q

what is beta waves associated with

A

awake and alerty with eyes open

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11
Q

What waves are prominant in stage 1

A

theta waves

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12
Q

what is happening during stage 1

A

transition from awake to asleep

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13
Q

what is happening during stage 2

A

light sleep

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14
Q

what do you see during stage 2

A

K complexes and sleep spindles

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15
Q

what happening during stage 3

A

moderaly deep sleep

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16
Q

what waves are associated with stage 3

A

some delta waves (>20%

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17
Q

what is happening during stage 4

A

deep sleep

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18
Q

what waves are associated with stage 4

A

delta waves (more than 50%)

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19
Q

What is happening physiologically during non-REM sleep

A 
brain uses less O2
decreased body temp and metabolic rate
decreased HR and BP
decreased RR
relaxes muscles
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20
Q

how often do you make postural adjustments during non-REM sleep

A

every 20 minutes

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21
Q

what stage of non-REM sleep is it harder to wake up

A

stage 4

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22
Q

WHat is happening physiologically during REM sleep

A

PGO spikes
irregulare HR and RR
depressed muscle tone

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23
Q

What are PGO spikes associated with

A

bursts of eye movements

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24
Q

When does penile erection/clitoral engorgement take place

A

REM sleep

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25
Q

How are REM dreams different from non-REM dreams

A

longer

more visual emotional

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26
Q

What is unique about women and REM sleep

A

at start of puberty there is a pulsatile release of gonadotropin from pituirtary during REM sleep

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27
Q

when does stage 4 sleep primarily happen

A

first half of sleep period

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28
Q

When does REM sleep happen

A

90 minutes or more into sleep period

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29
Q

How long is the sleep wake cycle

A

24 hours

30
Q

What is melatonin synthesis in pineal gland indirectly controlled by

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

31
Q

Where is photopigment melanopsin located

A

in special retinal ganglion cells projecting to SNC

32
Q

What neurons is wakefulness associated with

A

cholineric
locus coerueus
pontine raphe

33
Q

When are locus coeruleus and pontine nuclei active

A

during wakefulness, but not during REM sleep

34
Q

what are cholinergic nerons part of

A

reticular activatin gsystem

35
Q

when do cholinergic neurons fire

A

while awake and during REM sleep

36
Q

how does histamine influence wakefulness

A

histaminergic neurons of posterior hypothalamus in TMN selectively active in awake state.

37
Q

function of orexin

A

excites neurons in locus coeruleus and raphe, promote wakefulness via exication of histamine containing neurons in tuberomammillary nucleus

38
Q

how is onset of sleep caused by

A

decreased firing of cholinergic, monoamingeric, and histamine-containing neurons

39
Q

when do sleep terrors occur

A

during non-REM sleep

40
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep attack assocaited with secerl REM like symptoms

41
Q

symptoms of narcolepsy

A

sleep attacks
cataplexy
hypangoic hallucination

42
Q

cataplexy

A

abrupt attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia triggered by an emotional stimulus

43
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

hallucinations at transitions between wakefulness and sleep

44
Q

what is narcolepsy caused by

A

reduction or absebse of orexin

45
Q

what was tonic-clonic seizures called

A

grand mal

46
Q

charactersitics of a tonic-clonic seizure

A

loss consciousness
increase muscle tone followed by jerky movements
postictal state

47
Q

postictal state

A

period of confusion following seizure that lasts 5-30 minutes

48
Q

what was the old name for absence seizures

A

petit mal

49
Q

characteristics of absence seizures

A

3 per second spike and dome pattern
rarely fall
subtle motor manifestation (eye blinking)
no postictal state

50
Q

when does absence seizures usually start

A

childhood

51
Q

example of simple partial seizures that don’t affect general conciousness

A

jacksonian motor seizures

52
Q

charactersitics of complex partial seizures

A

affect consciousness
usually in temporal or frontal lobe
verbal and/or motor automatisms

53
Q

consquences of sleep deprivation in rats

A

increased eating
decreased body weight
death

54
Q

what type of waves helps differentiate REM sleep from being awake

A

sawtooth waves

55
Q

what types of waves are assocaited with REM sleep

A

beta

56
Q

when does the greatest EMG activity occur?

A

during onset of sleep, just prior to awakening

57
Q

what type of neurons control REM sleep

A

pontine

58
Q

during REM sleep, medlla recieves signal from where

A

glutamate-releasing area

59
Q

total daily sleep in newborn

A

16-18 hr

60
Q

total daily sleep for age 3-5

A

10-12 hr

61
Q

how much of newborn sleep is REM

A

50%

62
Q

how much of young adult sleep is REM

A

20-25%

63
Q

how much of older adult sleep is REM

A

15-20%

64
Q

what tells the body that light is present

A

photsenstive retinal ganglion cells

65
Q

what do raphe nuclei realize

A

serotonin

66
Q

what do locus coerulence release

A

norepinephrine

67
Q

what inhibits brainstem nuclei

A

VPLO

68
Q

what neurtotransmitters are active when we are awake

A

ach, NO, serotinin, histamine orexia

69
Q

what neurotransmitters are decreased during non-REM sleep

A

Ach, norepinephrine, serotinine decreased

70
Q

what neurotransmitters are active and not during REM sleep

A

Ach active

serotoinin and norepinephrine inactive

71
Q

parasomnia

A

disorders of sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

Physiology Exam VI (18 decks)

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