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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

Exam 1

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Intracellular parasite

A

Needs a host cell to live and reproduce

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1
Q

Virus

A

ultramicroscopic parasitic infecting cells of various organisms

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2
Q

Viral Specificity

A

ability of viral particles to infect specific host cell (will infect me but not my dog); has to have capacity to attach itself to membrane of host cell

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3
Q

Viral Particle Activity

A

inactive until infect host cell, then become active

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4
Q

2 Types of Viral Specificity (list & definitions)

A

Inter-specificity: infection between different cells
Intra-specificity: infection within specific cell of the body

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5
Q

2 Components of a Virus

A

viral genome and viral protein molecule (capsid)

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6
Q

Viral Genome

A

genetic material of virus, can be DNA or RNA; composed of nucleotide

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7
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding viral genome; made of capsomers

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8
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

another name for virus (protein coat surrounding genetic material)

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9
Q

Capsomer

A

identical subunits of protein molecules that compose virus capsid

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10
Q

Envelope

A

additional outer covering (extra capsid) of some viruses

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11
Q

What are viruses without envelopes called?

A

naked virus

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12
Q

4 Different shapes of Viruses

A

simple; complex (w/tail); helical (helix is capsid); icosahedral

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13
Q

Bacteriophage

A

virus that infects bacteria

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14
Q

Coliphage

A

virus affecting E. coli (bacteriophage)

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15
Q

Sheath

A

retractable area of a coliphage virus (bacteriophage)

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16
Q

Tail Pins

A

components of virus aligning with host cell membrane for infection

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17
Q

“Some”

A

body/unit

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18
Q

“Cyte”

A

cellular unit/cell

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19
Q

What are the 2 Viral Life Cycles?

A

Lytic Cycle; Lysogenic Cycle

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20
Q

Lysis

A

to break down/destroy (destructive)

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21
Q

Lytic Cycle (Steps)

A

Virulent (destructive);
Steps:
1. Attachment(Adsorption)
2. Entry(Penetration): inject genome into host cell OR enter host cell
3. Uncoat the capsid
4. Integrate viral genome with host cell
5. Biosynthesize genome and protein
6. Assemble genomes and capsids together (Virion)
7.Release (most likely enveloped and spiked)

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22
Q

Virulent factor

A

degree to which something is destroying something else

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23
Q

Virion

A

newly assembled virus with capacity to infect nearby cells

24
Q

When do spikes develop on a virus?

A

when the Virion exits host cell

25
Q

Lysogenic Cycle (Steps)

A
  1. Attachment(Adsorption)
  2. Entry(Penetration)
  3. Uncoat capsid
  4. Integrate into host DNA (Prophage/provirus)
26
Q

Prophage

A

virus when it integrates into host DNA during lysogenic cycle (AKA provirus)

27
Q

Lysogenic Conversion

A

virus lays dormant until stress or illness activates them to multiply (lytic cycle continues)

28
Q

Example of a Persistent Infection (Explain)

A

Chicken pox; a person can survive it as a child. The turns 30, becomes stressed and develops shingles

29
Q

Viral Classification: Order (Name ends with, how many, examples(3))

A

Virales; 3; Caudaovirales; Mononegavirales; Nidovirales

30
Q

Viral Classification: Family (Name ends with, how many)

A

Viridae; 63

31
Q

Viral Classification: Genus (Name ends with, how many, example)

A

Virus; 263; Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

32
Q

Viral Classification: Species (Naming system, how many, example)

A

numerous
name: type -> class -> A - E
Ex: HSV-1 (Influenza A)

33
Q

What can Human Papilloma virus (HPV) develop into?

A

cervical cancer or anal cancer

34
Q

What can Hep B develop into?

A

liver cirrhosis (cancer)

35
Q

What can Epstein Barr Virus develop into?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

36
Q

List the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell

A

Normal cell -> Viral Cell -> transformed cell -> tumor cell -> cancer cell (benign OR malignant)

37
Q

What the cytopathic effects a cell must undergo to become a transformed cell? (6)

A

change in shape and size; multinucleated cells; cell lysis(break up); cell fusion; increase in granules; alteration of gene(DNA)

38
Q

Syncytium

A

fusion of normal cells

39
Q

What is the function of granules in cells?

A

store proteins and nutrients

40
Q

Benign Cancer Cell

A

localized at one point; does not replicate; usually isn’t harmful

41
Q

Malignant Cancer Cell

A

metastasizes (spreads)

42
Q

Special Types of Viruses (List)

A

Complex; Prions; Satellite Viruses; Viroid

43
Q

Complex viruses (example)

A

capsid not composed of proteins, rather lipoproteins
Ex: pox virus (chicken pox, monkey pox, small pox)

44
Q

Prions

A

no genome, rather malformed and misfolded protein molecules; cause neurodegenerative diseases (Encephalopathies)

45
Q

What disease can Prions cause?

A

neurodegenerative diseases (Encephalopathies)
Ex: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

46
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Animal Infection Examples

A

Cow: Mad Cow Disease
Goats and Sheep: Scrapie Disease
Elk: Wasting Disease
Humans: Creutzfield Jakob Syndrome (CJS)

47
Q

Satellite Viruses (examples (2))

A

dependent viruses- will not infect someone unless they are already infected by another virus
Ex: Delta Agent Virus (will only infect if already have Hep B) - Now called Hep D
Ex: Adeno Associated Virus (AAV) - only if infected with Adenovirus)

48
Q

Viroid

A

plant virus; no protein, rather small pieces of naked RNA genome

49
Q

Viral infection is the cause of most what?

A

acute infections; when illness has unknown affliction, usually blame it on viruses

50
Q

Viral Treatment

A

symptoms (rest, pump with fluids); anti-viral drugs

51
Q

Diagnosis for Viruses

A

test for antibody to the virus

52
Q

Central Dogma of Life

A

Everything we do starts with DNA; DNA gives instructions (transcription) to RNA, RNA then secretes (translation) to appropriate protein molecule

53
Q

Morbidity

A

number of species that are infected in a population

54
Q

Genetic engineering

A

manipulation of the gene (plasmid)

55
Q

What type of virus secretes reverse transcriptase?

A

Retrovirus (HIV)

56
Q

What type of viral strand uses viral RNA and immediately translates to viral protein?

A

positive-sense single-strand RNA (pos-sense ssRNA)

57
Q

Negative-sense single strand RNA

A

Viral RNA converts to +ssRNA then synthesizes to V-protein

Microbiology (12 decks)

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