Final Exam Review Flashcards
tRNA
- transfer RNA
- anti-codon (opposite of mRNA)
DNA Polymerase
- poly = many
- enzyme that makes copies of DNA
- DNA Polymerase III makes Okazaki fragments (copies) and identifies problems
- DNA Polymerase I fixes those problems
DNA Ligase
- enzyme that sews together the DNA copies (okazaki fragments)
Palindrome
- spell it in one direction it will be the same in opposite direction
Semi Conservative Model of DNA Replication
- results in one old strand and one new strand, one new strand, one old strand
Antiparallel Arrangement
- DNA molecules run in opposite directions
- one from 5’ to 3’, other one from 3’ to 5’
Helicase
enzyme that will unwind and unzip helical structure of DNA molecule
Sign
objective: observed by the observer
Symptom
subjective: felt by the patient
Genetic Engineering
to manipulate genes of organisms
Biotechnology
using microbes to produce products of human consumption
Characteristics of Viruses
- viruses are particles made up of viral genome and viral protein molecule
- protein molecule is called capsid
- viral genome is called nucleotide
- another name for virus is nucleocapsid
- not alive, are just particles. Only become activated once inside a cell
- ULTRAmicroscopic. can’t even see using compound microscope
- specificity: will not infect you unless specific to their own cells
Helminths
parasitic worms
Taxonomic Heirarchy
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum (Division for Plants)
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Bioremediation
- when there is oil spillage, we grow bacteria and reintroduce the bacteria into the environment as a way to stabilize the environment
- we don’t have enzyme to be able to breakdown lipids (oil)
- but bacteria does have the enzyme, so we use bacteria to mop up the oil spill
Six I’s of studying Microbiology
- Inoculate
- Incubate
- Isolate
- Inspect
- Information Gathering
- Identify
Types of Microbial Media
- General purpose: grow different types of bacteria (Ex: TSA)
- Enriched media: to add growth factor to the media (for fastidious bacteria) (ex: blood agar)
- Selective Media
- Differential media: encourages growth of more than one species, while displaying a different identification
Medium for Fastidious Bacteria
Enriched Media
Selective Medium
- media will only allow a species of bacteria to grow while inhibiting all others from growing (ex: MSA allows Staph Aureaus to grow via yellow-gold coloration)
Differential Medium
allows more than one species of microbes to grow while allowing different physical properties to identify them (one part may be green, other part may be yellow)
Medium with Thioglycolic Acid
- Thioglycolic Acid facilitates growth of strict anaerobic bacteria by removing the oxygen
- creates reducing media
Micronutrient
- small nutrients that our body needs
- AKA Trace Elements
Trace Element
- required for life in small amounts
- AKA micronutrients
Saprobes
- probic organism: breakdown dead organic substances as their food
- ex: mold, fungi
Metabolism
the totality of all chemical reactions of the body
Apoenzyne
protein part of conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)
Coenzyme
vitamins
Extremozyme
- enzymes that can still function under extreme conditions
- ex: enzymes that function in the stomach (Acid)
When do infections occur?
when there is microbial multiplication
Important Characteristics of Antimicrobic Drugs
- there is no perfect drug (they are ideal)
- should be able to get to site of infection at good concentration
- should be readily available
- shouldn’t be expensive
- must not be neutralized by stomach acidity
- relatively soluble
- should last a long time in circulatory system
What types of drugs are Sulfonamides?
- PABA: drugs that impede metabolic pathway (food source)
- Para-Amino Benzoic Acid
Examples of antimicrobics that inhibit cell wall synthesis
beta lactams: penicillin, methicillin, ticarcillin,
What primary organelle do euakryotes have that prokaryotes do not?
Nucleus
What is a Microbe?
Organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye
What is spontaneous generation?
- the initial belief that organisms can spontaneously generate from nowhere
- now know that is false
What is a Pure Culture?
culture that contains only one species of microbe
DNA template makes a copy of what?
RNA
What is transcription?
When DNA is used as a template to make RNA
What is an anti-codon?
- situated on tRNA
- opposite of codon, which is situated on mRNA
What is Intron?
non-coding segment of a DNA molecule
What is rRNA
- ribosomal RNA
- part of ribosome that helps to package secretory protein molecules
Examples of Termination/Stop Codons
- UAA
- UAG
- UGA
What is Sterilization?
totally destroy all microbial forms including spores and vegetative cells
How do we achieve sterility?
- autoclave
- PSI: 15
- 121C
- 10 - 40 min
How can endospores be killed?
using autoclave
What is Thermal Death Time?
the minimum time it takes to destroy all microbes in a sample population at a given temperature
What is Irradiation?
- using ionizing radiation (microwaves)to kill microbes on food products
- WHO doesn’t approve. USA does
- extends shelf life without changing taste or nutrients of food
What are phenols or phenolics?
- chemicals that help to destroy microbes
- lysol, pinesol
What are antibiotics?
chemicals naturally secreted by other microbes
What is drug susceptibilty?
- finding out which drug to prescribe for microbe
- AKA antimicrobic susceptibility
- AKA Kirby Bauer
- AKA antibiotic sensitivity
- helps physician to prescribe most effective drug
What is Therapeutic Index?
the relationship between the high efficacy of drug and low toxicity of drug
What is a superinfection?
infection that sets in after the administration of a broad spectrum drug
What is a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
naturally secreted chemical with an added chemical to increase its efficacy
Where is vitamin K produced in the body?
large intestine
What are exotoxins?
- toxins that are secreted by microbes
- most will include toxic compound called Lipid A
- includes lipopolysaccharides contained in gram-negative bacteria
What are enterotoxins?
- toxins secreted by microbes already in GI system
- include the enterobacteria
What are the different stages of infection?
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Invasion/Infection
- Convalescent Period
When does the human body begin to be colonized by its normal flora?
- at birth
- innate immunity is developed
Inflammation
- result of physical injury to tissues and organs
or due to entry of a microbe - basophils and mast cells will secrete histamines and/or pyrogens which will induce mild fever
- physical damage may lead to diapedesis or hemorrhaging
- will also lead to vasodilation cause more blood will be carried to area. May be accumulation of fluid (edema)
Prodromal
- stage of infection
- when we wake up with vague feeling of fatigue
What are Beta Lactams? Also, what is it composed of?
- drugs that destroy cell wall of bacteira
- make up 90% of all antibiotics we take
- Beta lactam Ring
- Thazoladine ring
- Variable R side chain
- Rings are the aminopenicillanic acid (basic nucleus)
When organisms grow under CO2 environment
Capnophile
Anaerobic Bacteria. What enzymes does it lack?
die in the presence of oxygen b/c lack oxygen enzymes
- catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase
Mesophile
bacteria that can grow within human body environment
1% silver nitrate
- ointment smeared on eyes of newborns
- silver is heavy metal that can destroy wide range of microbes (oligodynamic action)
What are the 2 mechanisms of the body’s defense against microbes?
- nonspecific
- specific
What are the 3 lines of defense
- 1st line
- 2nd line
- 3rd line
What are the 2 innate lines of defense?
1st line & 2nd line
What is another name for non-specific defense mechanism?
Innate
What’s another name for the specific defense system?
Acquired/Adaptive
What is another name for antibody?
Immunoglobulin
5 classes of Immunoglobulin
- IgA
- IgG
- IgM
- IgE
- IgD
Chlorahexadine
antiseptic used to clean hands and incision sight before surgery
- AKA Biguanide
Epitope
binding region of an antigen
Paratope
binding region of an antibody
Exception to Signs and Symptoms
Fever: you can place hand on person and feel the fever
