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Microbiology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Pathogens

A

anything that causes an infection

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2
Q

tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • anti-codon (opposite of mRNA)
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3
Q

DNA Polymerase

A
  • poly = many
  • enzyme that makes copies of DNA
  • DNA Polymerase III makes Okazaki fragments (copies) and identifies problems
  • DNA Polymerase I fixes those problems
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4
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • enzyme that sews together the DNA copies (okazaki fragments)
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5
Q

Palindrome

A
  • spell it in one direction it will be the same in opposite direction
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6
Q

Semi Conservative Model of DNA Replication

A
  • results in one old strand and one new strand, one new strand, one old strand
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7
Q

Antiparallel Arrangement

A
  • DNA molecules run in opposite directions
  • one from 5’ to 3’, other one from 3’ to 5’
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8
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that will unwind and unzip helical structure of DNA molecule

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9
Q

Sign

A

objective: observed by the observer

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10
Q

Symptom

A

subjective: felt by the patient

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11
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

to manipulate genes of organisms

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12
Q

Biotechnology

A

using microbes to produce products of human consumption

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13
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • viruses are particles made up of viral genome and viral protein molecule
  • protein molecule is called capsid
  • viral genome is called nucleotide
  • another name for virus is nucleocapsid
  • not alive, are just particles. Only become activated once inside a cell
  • ULTRAmicroscopic. can’t even see using compound microscope
  • specificity: will not infect you unless specific to their own cells
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14
Q

Helminths

A

parasitic worms

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15
Q

Taxonomic Heirarchy

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (Division for Plants)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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16
Q

Bioremediation

A
  • when there is oil spillage, we grow bacteria and reintroduce the bacteria into the environment as a way to stabilize the environment
  • we don’t have enzyme to be able to breakdown lipids (oil)
  • but bacteria does have the enzyme, so we use bacteria to mop up the oil spill
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17
Q

Six I’s of studying Microbiology

A
  • Inoculate
  • Incubate
  • Isolate
  • Inspect
  • Information Gathering
  • Identify
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18
Q

Types of Microbial Media

A
  • General purpose: grow different types of bacteria (Ex: TSA)
  • Enriched media: to add growth factor to the media (for fastidious bacteria) (ex: blood agar)
  • Selective Media
  • Differential media: encourages growth of more than one species, while displaying a different identification
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19
Q

Medium for Fastidious Bacteria

A

Enriched Media

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20
Q

Selective Medium

A
  • media will only allow a species of bacteria to grow while inhibiting all others from growing (ex: MSA allows Staph Aureaus to grow via yellow-gold coloration)
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21
Q

Differential Medium

A

allows more than one species of microbes to grow while allowing different physical properties to identify them (one part may be green, other part may be yellow)

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22
Q

Medium with Thioglycolic Acid

A
  • Thioglycolic Acid facilitates growth of strict anaerobic bacteria by removing the oxygen
  • creates reducing media
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23
Q

Micronutrient

A
  • small nutrients that our body needs
  • AKA Trace Elements
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24
Q

Trace Element

A
  • required for life in small amounts
  • AKA micronutrients
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25
Q

Saprobes

A
  • probic organism: breakdown dead organic substances as their food
  • ex: mold, fungi
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26
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of all chemical reactions of the body

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27
Q

Apoenzyne

A

protein part of conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)

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28
Q

Coenzyme

A

vitamins

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29
Q

Extremozyme

A
  • enzymes that can still function under extreme conditions
  • ex: enzymes that function in the stomach (Acid)
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30
Q

When do infections occur?

A

when there is microbial multiplication

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31
Q

Important Characteristics of Antimicrobic Drugs

A
  • there is no perfect drug (they are ideal)
  • should be able to get to site of infection at good concentration
  • should be readily available
  • shouldn’t be expensive
  • must not be neutralized by stomach acidity
  • relatively soluble
  • should last a long time in circulatory system
32
Q

What types of drugs are Sulfonamides?

A
  • PABA: drugs that impede metabolic pathway (food source)
  • Para-Amino Benzoic Acid
33
Q

Examples of antimicrobics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

beta lactams: penicillin, methicillin, ticarcillin,

34
Q

What primary organelle do euakryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

A

Nucleus

35
Q

What is a Microbe?

A

Organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye

36
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A
  • the initial belief that organisms can spontaneously generate from nowhere
  • now know that is false
37
Q

What is a Pure Culture?

A

culture that contains only one species of microbe

38
Q

DNA template makes a copy of what?

A

RNA

39
Q

What is transcription?

A

When DNA is used as a template to make RNA

40
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A
  • situated on tRNA
  • opposite of codon, which is situated on mRNA
41
Q

What is Intron?

A

non-coding segment of a DNA molecule

42
Q

What is rRNA

A
  • ribosomal RNA
  • part of ribosome that helps to package secretory protein molecules
43
Q

Examples of Termination/Stop Codons

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
44
Q

What is Sterilization?

A

totally destroy all microbial forms including spores and vegetative cells

45
Q

How do we achieve sterility?

A
  • autoclave
  • PSI: 15
  • 121C
  • 10 - 40 min
46
Q

How can endospores be killed?

A

using autoclave

47
Q

What is Thermal Death Time?

A

the minimum time it takes to destroy all microbes in a sample population at a given temperature

48
Q

What is Irradiation?

A
  • using ionizing radiation (microwaves)to kill microbes on food products
  • WHO doesn’t approve. USA does
  • extends shelf life without changing taste or nutrients of food
49
Q

What are phenols or phenolics?

A
  • chemicals that help to destroy microbes
  • lysol, pinesol
50
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

chemicals naturally secreted by other microbes

51
Q

What is drug susceptibilty?

A
  • finding out which drug to prescribe for microbe
  • AKA antimicrobic susceptibility
  • AKA Kirby Bauer
  • AKA antibiotic sensitivity
  • helps physician to prescribe most effective drug
52
Q

What is Therapeutic Index?

A

the relationship between the high efficacy of drug and low toxicity of drug

53
Q

What is a superinfection?

A

infection that sets in after the administration of a broad spectrum drug

54
Q

What is a semi-synthetic antibiotic?

A

naturally secreted chemical with an added chemical to increase its efficacy

55
Q

Where is vitamin K produced in the body?

A

large intestine

56
Q

What are exotoxins?

A
  • toxins that are secreted by microbes
  • most will include toxic compound called Lipid A
  • includes lipopolysaccharides contained in gram-negative bacteria
57
Q

What are enterotoxins?

A
  • toxins secreted by microbes already in GI system
  • include the enterobacteria
58
Q

What are the different stages of infection?

A
  • Incubation
  • Prodromal
  • Invasion/Infection
  • Convalescent Period
59
Q

When does the human body begin to be colonized by its normal flora?

A
  • at birth
  • innate immunity is developed
60
Q

Inflammation

A
  • result of physical injury to tissues and organs
    or due to entry of a microbe
  • basophils and mast cells will secrete histamines and/or pyrogens which will induce mild fever
  • physical damage may lead to diapedesis or hemorrhaging
  • will also lead to vasodilation cause more blood will be carried to area. May be accumulation of fluid (edema)
61
Q

Prodromal

A
  • stage of infection
  • when we wake up with vague feeling of fatigue
62
Q

What are Beta Lactams? Also, what is it composed of?

A
  • drugs that destroy cell wall of bacteira
  • make up 90% of all antibiotics we take
  • Beta lactam Ring
  • Thazoladine ring
  • Variable R side chain
  • Rings are the aminopenicillanic acid (basic nucleus)
63
Q

When organisms grow under CO2 environment

A

Capnophile

64
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria. What enzymes does it lack?

A

die in the presence of oxygen b/c lack oxygen enzymes
- catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase

65
Q

Mesophile

A

bacteria that can grow within human body environment

66
Q

1% silver nitrate

A
  • ointment smeared on eyes of newborns
  • silver is heavy metal that can destroy wide range of microbes (oligodynamic action)
67
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of the body’s defense against microbes?

A
  • nonspecific
  • specific
68
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense

A
  • 1st line
  • 2nd line
  • 3rd line
69
Q

What are the 2 innate lines of defense?

A

1st line & 2nd line

70
Q

What is another name for non-specific defense mechanism?

A

Innate

71
Q

What’s another name for the specific defense system?

A

Acquired/Adaptive

72
Q

What is another name for antibody?

A

Immunoglobulin

73
Q

5 classes of Immunoglobulin

A
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
74
Q

Chlorahexadine

A

antiseptic used to clean hands and incision sight before surgery
- AKA Biguanide

75
Q

Epitope

A

binding region of an antigen

76
Q

Paratope

A

binding region of an antibody

77
Q

Exception to Signs and Symptoms

A

Fever: you can place hand on person and feel the fever

Microbiology (12 decks)

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