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Bacteria & Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes

A

Organisms too small to be seen with naked eye

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2
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microbes

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3
Q

2 concepts of microscopy

A

Magnification and Resolution

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4
Q

Magnification

A

increase in size of an object from its original size

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5
Q

Resolution

A

clarity; minimum distance between 2 objects

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6
Q

Microbes

A

organisms too small to be seen with naked eye

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7
Q

Example of Microbes

A

bacteria; fungi, algae; protozoa; helminths; viruses, non-living

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8
Q

What are Helminths?

A

parasitic worms; like tapeworms (platyhelminths)

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9
Q

Virus

A

non-living microbes made up of genome (DNA or RNA) and protein molecule

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10
Q

Fungi

A

eukaryotic microbes; mushroom (macro), yeast, mold, (micro)

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11
Q

Bacteria

A

prokaryotic microbes

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12
Q

Algae

A

eukaryotic microbes; plant-like organisms

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13
Q

Protozoa

A

single-celled eukaryotic microbes

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14
Q

Prokaryote

A

organism without a nucleus and unorganized organelles (not membrane-bound); have cell wall made of peptidoglycan; includes Archae and Bacteria

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15
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

polysaccharide composed of NAM and NAG that make up bacterial cell wall

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16
Q

How do you kill bacteria?

A

have to kill NAM and NAG to kill cell wall (made of peptidoglycan), which kills the bacteria

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17
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism with a nucleus and organized organelles (membrane-bound); some have cell wall; includes Protista (Protozoa), Plantae (Algea), Fungi, Animalia (Helminths)

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18
Q

What are Plantae cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose

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19
Q

What are Fungi cell wall composed of?

A

chitin

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20
Q

What are Animalia cell wall composed of?

A

they do not have a cell wall

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21
Q

Germ theory

A

microbes are the causal agents of disease; life begets life

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22
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy (List the order of the hierarchy)

A

system of classification from domain to species; Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum (Division - Plants) -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

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23
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

system of naming organisms with two names: Genus and species

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24
Q

Taxonomy

A

the classification, naming, and identification of organisms

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular matrix (cytoskeleton) containing cytosol and organelles

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26
Q

What is an unfavorable environment for bacteria?

A

lack of nutrients, lack of moisture

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27
Q

Capsule. What is it composed of?

A

structure made of polysaccharide & polypeptide on the cell wall of some prokaryotes

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28
Q

Glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layer (on capsule) surrounding the cell wall of bacteria

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29
Q

Flagella

A

long, whip-like appendages used for motility and sensory perception

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30
Q

Fimbriae

A

AKA Cilia; short, hair-like appendages used for movement or sensing

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31
Q

What are the bacteria cell appendages?

A

flagella, sex pili, fimbriae (cilia)

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32
Q

Sex Pili Explanation

A

No male or female bacteria; over time one may act as male (donor cell), protruding sex pili, and transfer genetic material to other, which will act as female (recipient cell); plasmid (DNA molecule) is transferred

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33
Q

Do bacterial cells have outer membrane?

A

some do, dome don’t. They are harder to kill if they have them

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34
Q

Mesosome

A

where the cell membrane (beneath the cell wall) of bacterial cells “falls in”

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35
Q

Periplasmic space

A

space between cell wall and cell membrane; contains chemical that can neutralize other chemicals; not all bacteria have them

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36
Q

Nucleoid

A

region in prokaryotic cell (bacteria) containing genetic material

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37
Q

Ribosomes

A

cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis

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38
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Ribosomal Subunits

A

small unit = 30s (aminoglycosides) destroy
large unit = 50s (Microlytes) destroy
ex: Clarithromycin & Azitromycin
Together = 70s

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39
Q

Bacterial Granules

A

storage for nutrients

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40
Q

Microbistatic

A

inhibitory drugs that slow down bacterial growth

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41
Q

Microbicide

A

destructive drugs that kill bacteria

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42
Q

Which type of drug is preferred for bacteria with outer membranes?

A

Microbistatic, because if try to kill bacteria, toxic outer membranes can release toxins into body

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43
Q

How do bacteria know there is food in the environment?

A

flagella

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44
Q

The 2 forms of Bacteria

A

Endospores; Vegetative cells

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45
Q

Endospore

A

form of bacteria; can survive for 250 million years; cannot kill them using drugs, heat, or radiation; will grow and germinate when get to where environment is favorable

46
Q

What chemical does bacteria secrete to form endospore?

A

Calcium Dipicolinic Acid

47
Q

Vegetative Cells

A

AKA Vegetative Pathogen; infectious bacteria; can be killed using drugs, heat, or radiation

48
Q

Sterilization

A

complete and total elimination of all micro forms

49
Q

Types of Spores

A

subterminal spore; terminal spore; central spore; lateral spore

50
Q

Subterminal Spore

A

doesn’t go all the way to the top

51
Q

Terminal spore

A

goes all the way to the top and end

52
Q

Central spore

A

spore is only in center

53
Q

Lateral spore

A

spore is on the side

54
Q

Types of flagella

A

monotrichous; lophotricous; amphitrichous; peritrichous; atrichous

55
Q

Monotrichous

A

one flagella

56
Q

lophotrichous

A

Bunch of flagella on one end

57
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella on both ends (one or multiple)

58
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella all over the place

59
Q

Atrichous

A

without flagella

60
Q

Culture

A

the growing of live bacteria

61
Q

The Six I’s of Culturing

A

Inoculate; Incubate (@37 C); Isolate; Inspect; Information Gathering; Identification

62
Q

Thermophilic

A

bacteria that like extreme heat

63
Q

Psychrophiles

A

bacteria that like extreme cold

64
Q

Halophiles

A

bacteria that like high salt concentration

65
Q

Mesophiles

A

bacteria that thrive in human body temps

66
Q

Physical classification of media (List & Ex)

A

liquid: broth
solid: agar plate
semi-sold: agar slant

67
Q

Chemical classification of media (List & Define)

A

synthetic: artificial, ratio is known
non-synthetic: natural, ratio is unknown
semi-synthetic: both natural and artificial, ratio is unknown

68
Q

Functional classification of media (List)

A

general purpose; selective; differential; enriched; reducing

69
Q

General purpose media

A

grow wide range of bacteria

70
Q

Examples of General Purpose Media

A

Ex: TSA (Tryptocase Soy Agar)
Ex: NA (Nutrient Agar)

71
Q

Selective media

A

selectively encourage growth of 1 species, while discouraging/inhibiting growth of others

72
Q

Examples of Selective Media

A

Ex: MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar)
Ex: MacConkey

73
Q

What is MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar)?

A

a selective media used to grow Staph aureus by showing yellow gold during bacterial test, confirming staph infection

74
Q

What is MacConkey?

A

a selective media used to grow E. coli (showing pink to confirm) and grow Pseudomonas aeruginosa (showing green to confirm)

75
Q

Differential Media

A

encourages growth of more than 1 species of bacteria while displaying physical properties or identification (shows pink or green)

76
Q

Enriched Media

A

used to grow fastidious bacteria using a specific growth factor that the bacteria desires

77
Q

Fastidious Bacteria (examples)

A

bacteria that is difficult to grow, isolate, and stain identify; use Ziehl Neelson stain (acid fast differential stain); outer membrane made of mycolic acid - makes it impossible for dye to permeate
Ex: Mycobacteria (causes tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy)
Ex: Nocardia (causes nocardiosis(respiratory illness)

78
Q

What is an example of an Enriched Media?

A

Blood Agar

79
Q

Reducing Media

A

AKA Thioglycolate Media; reducing oxygen concentration in media to grow strict obligate anaerobes; add thioglycolic acid to reduce the concentration of oxygen in that media

80
Q

Oxygen Requirement

A

the specific oxygen requirements of different microorganisms

81
Q

List the 3 groupings of microbes according to oxygen requirements

A

Strict obligate anaerobes; facultative anaerobes; strict obligate aerobes

82
Q

Strict Obligate Aerobes. Provide an example

A

organisms that must have oxygen for them to be alive
ex: Microaerophile - only want minute amount of oxygen

83
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

organisms that can survive with or without oxygen

84
Q

Strict obligate anaerobes. What do they lack?

A

lack enzymes to break down oxygen (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD); leads to oxygen toxicity

85
Q

Eukaryote Appendages

A

flagella; cilia; glycocalyx; cell membrane

86
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomal Subunits

A

Small unit: 40s
Large unit: 60s
Together: 80s

87
Q

What does the “S” stand for in the ribosomal subunits?

A

Svedberg (centrifugal unit)

88
Q

Eukaryotic Golgi Apparatus (details)

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes; 2 faces: cis-pole & trans-pole; release chemical vesicles to encase food and break it down (phagocytize)

89
Q

What are the 2 faces of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

cis-pole: closest to ER
trans-pole: furthest from ER

90
Q

What happens to Golgi Apparatus while phagocytizing it’s food?

A

becomes phagosome; will break down food and cell will absorb the nutrients

91
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-close organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down various macromolecules; Vesicles can develop into lysosomes

92
Q

Which 4 macromolecules do Lysosomes breakdown? (Include the enzymes utilized)

A

Carbohydrates(Carbohydrase); Proteins(Protease); Lipids(Lipase); Nucleic Acid(Nuclease)

93
Q

Pompe disease

A

inability to produce carbohydrase; cannot eat food that has sugar in it; will cause liver cirrhosis(cancer)

94
Q

Tay Sach’s disease

A

inability to secrete lipase; cannot eat food with oil in it; implicated with mental retardation

95
Q

Mitochondria (structure details)

A

is a double-membrane organelle; contains outer and inner membrane and intermembrane space (between the membranes); has cristae; mitochondrial matrix (inner space)

96
Q

What the function of mitochondria in plants?

A

Mitochondria is chloroplast in plants (product energy through photosynthesis)

97
Q

Chloroplast

A

double-membrane (AKA mitochondria); site for photosynthesis

98
Q

Diagnosis for Bacterial Cell

A

test for the bacteria

99
Q

3 Forms of Bacteria

A

Coccus; Bacillus; Sprillum

100
Q

Characteristics of Gram Positive Bacteria

A

thick cell membrane
peptidoglycan
no outer membrane
no periplasmic space
no lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
no Lipid A(toxic)
no lipoprotein(toxic)
teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid

101
Q

Characteristics of Gram Negative Bacteria

A

thin cell membrane
outer membrane
periplasmic space
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipid A (toxic)
lipoprotein (toxic)
no teichoic acid
no lipoteichoic acid

102
Q

Gram Stain

A

developed by Hans Gram; used to tell differences of chemical composition of cell wall (gram positive vs gram negative)

103
Q

Narrow Spectrum Drugs

A

designed to inhibit or destroy only the Gram+ or Gram- bacteria

104
Q

Broad Spectrum Drugs

A

designed to inhibit and destroy both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria

105
Q

Shotgun approach (example)

A

don’t send sample to lab, just provide broad spectrum drugs for infection
ex: ear infection

106
Q

3 Types of Genome Transfer between Bacteria

A

conjugation; transduction; transformation

107
Q

Conjugation

A

transfer of genetic material through sex pili; direct contact between donor and recipient

108
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of genetic material through bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria); no direct contact

109
Q

Transformation

A

assimilation of degenerated genome from habitat/environment; no direct contact

110
Q

Sarcinae

A

morphology of bacteria when they are in multiples of 8 (no more than 64)

111
Q

R-plasmid

A

Resistant-plasmid; when patient only takes portion of antibiotics, high mutation of plasma allows bacteria to learn antibiotics and transform to become resistant

Microbiology (12 decks)

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