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Microbiology > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Restriction Endonuclease

A

enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bonds btwn nucleotides, forming palindromes

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of Restriction Endonucleases?

A
  • EcoR1
  • Hind III
  • Hae III (cuts through middle)
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3
Q

Does mutation have negative effects?

A

mutation can have positive or negative effects

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4
Q

Can Biotech be use in Forensics?

A

Yes, can be used to test hair, skin, blood or semen samples

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5
Q

What are the 4 fundamental methods of biotech?

Define them

A
  • Gel electrophoresis: DNA is placed in “sample well”, as it moves towards positive pole creates “band widths”. Looking for matching band widths”
  • Southern blot: detect specific DNA sequence in DNA sample
  • Gene probe: detect specific DNA complement in DNA sample
  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): turn single copy of a few bases into several bases
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6
Q

Intrinsic Property of the DNA molecule

A

the way DNA acts in a test tube in a lab is the same way it acts in nature
- if heated, helicase will unwind
- If cooled, it will reform

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7
Q

What are the stop codons?

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
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8
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (methionine)

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9
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A
  • DNA is the start of everything
  • DNA transcribes to mRNA which translates to protein
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10
Q

What is the net total of ATP molecules that are synthesized during the breakdown of one molecule of carbohydrate?

A

2 net/ 4 total

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?

A

cytosol

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12
Q

How many cycles are there in the Krebs cycle?

A

8 steps, 2 cycles

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13
Q

How many total ATP molecules are synthesized during ETC?

A

34

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14
Q

Where does ETC take place in prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

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15
Q

Name the 3 steps of cellular respiration

A
  • Glycolysis (substrate level phosphoryl relation)
  • Krebs cycle/Citric Acid
  • ETC (chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation)
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16
Q

Which phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP molecules?

A

ETC

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17
Q

What are endonuclease?

A
  • enzymes secreted by microbes
  • restricted where they cut off DNA molecules, producing palindromes
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18
Q

Are microbes found everywhere?

A

yes

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed at the end

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20
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical processes that take place in a cell/organism

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21
Q

What is an apoenzyme?

A
  • protein portion of holoenzyme
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22
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A
  • AKA conjugated enzyme
  • composed of protein molecules (apoenzyme) and nonprotein molecules (cofactor)
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23
Q

Give an example of a cofactor

A
  • organic (coenzyme): vitamin
  • inorganic (metallic): trace elements (zine, silicone, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese)
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24
Q

What is an example of a coenzyme?

A

vitamins

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25
Q

What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions inside the cell?

A

endoenzyme

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26
Q

What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions outside the cell?

A

exoenzyme

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27
Q

Glycolysis is also called substrate-level phosphorylation (T/F)

A

True

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28
Q

How many ATP molecules are created from FADH2 during carbohydrate metabolism?

A

2 times 2 FADH2 = 4

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29
Q

How many ATP molecules of NADH?

A

3 times 10 NADH = 30

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30
Q

What is the genome?

A

all genetic makeup of a cell

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31
Q

The expression of the genetic trait is known as

A

phenotype (physical, observable)

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32
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • expression of genetic traits (physical, observable)
  • ex: I can see that you’re tall
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33
Q

What is a genotype?

A
  • genetic makeup of organism
  • ex: recessive and dominant traits carried
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34
Q

What is the subunit of nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide

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35
Q

What is an example of a nucleotide?

A

AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

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36
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases

A
  • adenine
  • thymine (uracil)
  • guanine
  • cytosine
37
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Pyrimidine: C, T(U)
  • Purine: A, G
38
Q

DNA is used as a ___ to make RNA

39
Q

What are the three models of DNA replication?

A
  • Conservative Model: 2 old strands, 2 new strands (conserve as much of original as possible)
  • Semi-Conservative Model: 1 old strand, 1 new strand and 1 new strand, 1 old strand
  • Dispersive Model: old segments and new segments alternate
40
Q

What are the 6 enzymes involved in DNA duplication?

A
  • Helicase (Primosome)
  • Primase (Primosome)
  • DNA polymerase III
  • DNA Polymerase I
  • Ligase
  • Gyrase
41
Q

Helicase

A
  • enzyme involved in DNA duplication (Primosome)
  • unwinds double helix to create templates
42
Q

Primase

A
  • enzyme involved in DNA duplication (Primosome)
  • RNA primer that initiates insertion into DNA molecule
43
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A
  • enzyme involved in DNA duplication
  • makes okazaki fragments of DNA
  • identifies problems (cuts and knicks on strand of chromosome)
44
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A
  • enzyme involved in DNA duplication
  • fixes the knicks and cuts
  • removes Primase (RNA primer)
45
Q

Ligase

A
  • enzyme involved in DNA duplication
  • joins the okazaki fragments together
46
Q

Gyrase

A
  • coils the double helix together
47
Q

Topoisomerase

A
  • honorable mention enzyme in DNA duplication
  • relieves tension once helix is unwinded
48
Q

Where do Okazaki fragments form?

A

DNA Polymerase III

49
Q

What is the deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and insertion into another called?

A

genetic engineering (biotechnology)

50
Q

DNA manipulation is referred to as

A

genetic engineering/modification

51
Q

What is Biotechnology?

A
  • using microbes to create products/substances for use by humans
52
Q

What was the first synthetic drug?

A
  • chloral hydrate
  • Salvarsan (without side effects)
53
Q

What are the properties of an ideal drug?

A

-Reversability
- Predictability
- Ease of Administration

54
Q

What are the 2 types of radiation?

Provide Examples

A
  • ionizing (x-ray, cathode ray, gamma ray, microwave)
  • non-ionizing (UV rays, thymine)
55
Q

Does food irradiation change the taste of food?

56
Q

What is a tincture of iodine?

A
  • iodine + alcohol
57
Q

Another name for Chlorhexidine?

A

Biguanides

58
Q

What is Chloramine made up of?

A

Chlorine + Ammonia (Amino)

59
Q

Oligodynamic Action

A

when heavy metals (copper, gold, zinc, silver) kill microbes

60
Q

Another name for pressurized moist heat

A

sterilization (Autoclave)

61
Q

Examples of ionizing radiation (4)

A
  • X-ray
  • Cathode ray
  • Gamma ray
  • Microwave
62
Q

Examples of non-ionizing radation

A
  • UV rays
  • thymine
63
Q

What are the units of autoclave?

A
  • PSI: 15
  • Temp: 121C
  • 10-40 min
64
Q

What does HEPA filter stand for?

A
  • High Efficiency Particulate Air
65
Q

Examples of Pasteurization

A
  • Batch Method (63.3C for 30 min)
  • Flash Method (75.5C for 15 min)
  • must maintain flavor and nutritional value
66
Q

Examples of Direct Repeat

A
  • sequence moves to other end of strand.
  • complemented on the second strand
67
Q

Examples of Inverted Repeat

A
  • complemented later down same strand
68
Q

What is Intron?

A
  • non-coding segment of mRNA that intervenes between coding segments
69
Q

What is an intron called after it is cut off?

A

lariat, cut off by spliceosome

70
Q

What is Exon?

A
  • coding segment
  • Ligase comes to join exons together to secrete and synthesize amino acids
71
Q

Anti-parallel

A

chromosomes are anti-parallel

72
Q

Reduction Rx

A
  • gain of electrons
73
Q

Oxidation Rx

A

loss of electrons

74
Q

The three parts of the Beta Lactams?

A
  • beta-ring
  • thiazolidine ring
  • side chain (variable R group)
75
Q

Beta Lactams destroy the _______ of the bacteria.

76
Q

Examples of Beta Lactams

A

Penicillins
- ticarcillin
- nafcillin
- vancomycin

77
Q

What are drugs that target the cell membrane of a microbe?

78
Q

How do polymixins affect microbes?

A

create a whole on the cell membrane, allowing particles to move in and out the membrane at will (affecting the balance)

79
Q

What is the function of the nucleoid?

A

transcribes DNA to mRNA and translates to make protein molecules

80
Q

Examples of drugs that target the nucleoid

A
  • quinine
  • quinone
  • quinolone
  • rifampin
  • anti-parasitic drugs
81
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?

A

protein synthesis

82
Q

Drugs that destroy the 30s ribosome of prokaryotes are called

A

aminoglycosides

83
Q

Drugs that destroy the 50s ribosome of prokaryotes are called

A
  • macrolides
84
Q

What is the function of the metabolic pathway of a cell?

A

to provide the cell with nutrients

85
Q

What drugs are used to impede metabolic pathways?

What are 4 examples?

A

PABAs
- sulfa
- sulfonamide
- sulfanilamide
- trimethoprim

86
Q

PABA stands for _____

A

Para-AminoBenzoic Acid

87
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  • mRNA (messenger)
  • tRNA (transfer messages)
  • rRNA (ribosomal; packaging different protein molecules)
88
Q

Rule of Chargaff

A
  • Where there is Adenine, there is Thymine (Uracil) joined by double hydrogen bonds
  • Where there is Cytosine, there is Guanine, joined by triple hydrogen bonds

Microbiology (12 decks)

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