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Microbiology > The Body's Defense Mechanism > Flashcards

The Body's Defense Mechanism Flashcards

Exam 4

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1
Q

What are the mechanisms the body uses to defend itself?

A
  • Nonspecific Mechanism
  • Specific Mechanism
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1
Q

How many mechanisms does the body use to defend itself?

A

two

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2
Q

What is an antigenic molecule?

A

one that stimulates the secretion of antibodies (Ab)

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3
Q

Recognition Concept

A

when antigens enter the body, first thing the body tries to do is recognize them

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4
Q

What is another name for antibody?

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

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5
Q

How many classes of immunoglobulins are there?

And what are they?

A
  • 5
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
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6
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A
  • responsible for allergies, releasing histamine
  • parasitic infection
  • monomer
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7
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A
  • primary antibody in secretions
  • found in saliva, breast milk,
  • dimer
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8
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A
  • usually produced first during immune reaction
  • crosses the placenta (from mother to fetus)
  • monomer
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9
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A
  • good for bacteria agglutination (binding/clumping)
  • pentomer
  • too big to pass through placenta (opposite of IgG)
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10
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A
  • helps the B cells to recognize antigens
  • membrane-bound monomer
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11
Q

What are other terms for Nonspecific Mechanism?

A
  • Innate Immunity
  • Natural Immunity
  • Genetic
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12
Q

What are other terms for Specific Mechanism?

A
  • Acquired Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
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13
Q

What is an example of a disease required adaptive immunty?

A

AIDS

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14
Q

How many lines of barrier are there?

AKA?

A
  • AKA lines of defense
  • 3 of them
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15
Q

Which line of defense belongs to the specific mechanism?

A

3rd line of defense/barrier

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16
Q

What are examples of the first line of defense? (11)

A
  • skin
  • sweat
  • tears
  • saliva
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • blinking
  • vomiting (anti-peristalsis)
  • nasal hairs
  • shedding of skin cells
  • stomach acid
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17
Q

What is secreted by saliva, sweat, and tears for defense?

A
  • lysoszyme
  • destroys the cell wall of most bacteria
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18
Q

What is secreted by sweat and tears for defense? (not saliva)

A
  • defensin
  • kill bacteria by destroying the cell wall
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19
Q

Hapten

A

foreign substance so small the immune system doesn’t recognize them as foreign substances

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20
Q

What is the name for a foreign substance so big that it is immediately recognized by the immune system

A

super-antigen

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21
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cells engulfing/swallowing/ingesting of bacteria

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22
Q

What are examples of the 2nd line of defense? (4)

A
  • phagocytic WBC
  • NK Cells
  • Antimicrobial Proteins
  • Inflammation
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23
Q

What comprises the 3rd line of defense?

A

immune system: B/T Cells

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24
Q

What are the functions of NK Cells?

A
  • while kiling foreign substances, they also die (kamikaze cells)
  • detect cancer cells early
  • first to appear to fight viral cells
25
Q

What are phagocytic WBCs?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • macrophages (transformed from monocytes)
  • basophils
26
Q

Identify APCs

A

antigen presenting cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells

27
Q

What are Antimicrobial Proteins?

A

proteins molecules that kill microbes

28
Q

What is the first WBC to appear at an area of tissue damage and bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophil

29
Q

What WBC comprises 60 - 70% of total WBCs in the body?

A

neutrophil

30
Q

What percentage of total WBC do Eosinophils comprise?

A

1.5 - 3%

31
Q

Characteristics of Eosinophils

A
  • limited phagocytic activity
  • attracted to sites of parasitic infection
32
Q

What percentage of total WBCs do Monocytes compose?

A

3 - 7%

33
Q

What are macrophages?

What do they do?

A
  • matured monocytes
  • have ability to swim in interstitial space looking for hiding microbes
  • then attached to microbes and secrete chemicals that will alert immune system to come detroy them
  • APCs
34
Q

What are Dendritic Cells?

A
  • APCs
  • have long arms to go in between cells and grab the microbes
35
Q

What percentage of total WBCs do Basophils comprise?

A

0.5%

36
Q

Characteristics of Basophils

A
  • secrete histamine for inflammatory allergy reaction (running nose, red eyes, sneezing…)
  • secrete pyrogens
37
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

chemical secreted by basophils that induce a mild fever to stop spread of microbes

38
Q

What is an example of an anti-pyrogen? (2)

A
  • tylenol
  • ibuprofen
39
Q

What are Complements?

A

~ 26 - 30 interacting protein molecules found mostly in the serum of animals
- Antimicrobial Proteins

40
Q

List Examples of Antimicrobial Proteins (3)

A
  • Complement System
  • Lymphokines
  • Interferon/Interleukin I and II
41
Q

Lymphokines

A
  • Antimicrobial Proteins
  • soluble protein molecules that are produced and secreted by sensitized T lymphocytes
42
Q

Interferon/Interleukin I and II

A
  • Antimicrobial Proteins
  • chemicals secreted to warn neighboring cells that they are infected and what type of infection they have
  • they may generally or specifically protect the neighboring cells
43
Q

What must occur to cells damaged by physical injury?

A

they must be replenished

44
Q

What is the body’s response to physical injury?

A

inflammation

45
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

passage of blood cells from capillaries into the tissues

46
Q

Hemorrhage

A

results from prolonged diapedesis (internal bleeding)

47
Q

What are the 4 signs of Inflammation?

And their alternate names

A
  • Heat -> calor
  • pain -> dolor
  • red -> rubor
  • swell -> tumor
48
Q

What is the antigenic determinant?

AKA

A
  • special part of antigen used to determine the antigen and its shape
  • AKA epitope
  • anitbodies are then made to combat the antigen
49
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A
  • variable regions
  • constant regions
  • light chains
  • heavy chains
50
Q

What is FAB?

AKA?

A
  • Antigen Binding Fragment
  • AKA Paratope
  • where antigens bind to the antibodies
51
Q

What does it mean that the antibody is a dimer?

A

the antibody can hold the antigen at 2 different spots

52
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the immune system?

A
  • specificity
  • diversity
  • self-nonself recognition
  • immunological memory (AKA anamnestic response)
53
Q

When Ab binds with Ag, what does it create?

A

Ag-Ab Complex

54
Q

What are the different types of the Ag-Ab Disposal Systems? (6)

A
  • Agglutination
  • Opsonization
  • Neutralization
  • Complement System
  • Naturalization
  • Precipitation
55
Q

How does specificity pertain to the immune system?

A

immune system will recognize and eliminate a specific microbe

56
Q

How does diversity pertain to the immune system?

A

immune system must have the capacity to recognize the numerous types of diverse foreign substances

57
Q

Self-nonself Recognition

A
  • characteristic of the immune system
  • ability of the immune system to distinguish itself from all others
58
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

the immune system fighting itself at the joints

59
Q

What occurs if the immune system cannot perform self-nonself recognition?

A

autoimmune disease

60
Q

What is amnestic response?

A
  • AKA immunological memory
  • characteristic of the immune system
  • ability of the immune system to remember all previously encountered moluecules so it can know how to fight them again

Microbiology (12 decks)

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