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Microbiology > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

Exam 2

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA Duplication?

A

making exact copies

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2
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

copies with some differences from original

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3
Q

What are the 3 models of DNA Replication?

A
  • conservative model
  • semi-conservative model
  • dispersive model
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4
Q

Conservative Model

A
  • conserve as much of the original as possible
  • result: 2 old strands together, 2 new strands together
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5
Q

Semi-Conservative Model

A
  • old strands will isolate and separate with new strands
  • 1 old and 1 new strand together; 1 old and 1 new strand together
  • more in Eukaryotes
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6
Q

Dispersive Model

A

result: 1 old segment, 1 new segment, 1 old segment, 1 new segment

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7
Q

How many total enzymes does DNA Duplication involve?

A

over 30

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8
Q

What are the 6 enzymes of DNA Duplication needed to know?

A
  • Helicase
  • Primase
  • DNA Polymerase III
  • DNA Polymerase I
  • Ligase
  • Gyrase
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9
Q

Which enzymes involved in DNA Duplication are categorized as Primosomes?

A
  • helicase
  • primase
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10
Q

What is the function of Helicase?

A

unwinds the double helix to be able to create templates

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11
Q

What is the function of Topoisomerase?

A

relieves the tension once the helix is unwinded by the helicase

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12
Q

What is the function of Primase?

A

primer that inserts into the DNA molecule to initiate the duplication process

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13
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase III?

A
  • identify problems (cuts and knicks) on the strand of chromosome
  • makes okazaki fragments
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14
Q

What are Okazaki Fragments?

A

short/fragmented copies of DNA

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15
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase I

A
  • fixes the cuts and knicks found on the chromosome by DNA Polymerase III
  • removes the Primase enzyme
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16
Q

What is the function of Ligase?

A
  • joins together the okazaki fragments
  • joins exons together to secrete and synthesize amino acids
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17
Q

What is the function of Gyrase?

A

supercoils the double helix back together

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18
Q

Where does DNA Replication start?

A

at the replication fork

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19
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Genetic Code?

A
  • universal
  • redundant
  • no ambiguity (it is what it is)
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20
Q

Explain the “universal” characteristic of genetic code

Provide and Example

A
  • a codon in humans will be the same as a codon in a snake
  • ex: UUU will always code for amino acid Phenylalanine
  • ex: the complement to UUU will always be AAA
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21
Q

Explain the “redudant” characteristic of genetic code

A
  • if you replace the third base, it will still be the same amino acid
  • ex: replace third U with C, will still have Phenylalanine
22
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (Methionine)

23
Q

What are the stop codons?

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
24
Q

How many amino acids are there without the stop codons?

A
  • 61
  • not including methionine: 60
25
Q

What is an Exon?

A

a coding segment

26
Q

What is an Intron?

A

a non-coding segment of mRNA that intervenes between coding segments

27
Q

What does an Intron that is cut off become?

What cuts it off?

A
  • it becomes a lariat
  • it is cut off by a spliceosome
28
Q

What does it mean that Eukaryotes are Monocistronic?

A

1 gene codes for 1 amino acid

29
Q

What is the 5’ is also called?

A
  • leading strand
  • promoter
30
Q

What is the 3’ also called?

A
  • lagging strand
  • Poly A Tail
31
Q

What type of cell is Polycistronic?

What does it mean?

A
  • prokaryotes
  • 1 gene codes for multiple amino acids
32
Q

What is an operon?

What are the 2 types?

A
  • set of regulatory genes in prokaryotes that act as a single unit
  • inducible operon
  • repressible operon
33
Q

Inducible Operon

define and provide an example

A
  • turned on in the presence of the substrate
  • ex: lac operon (lactose turns on in the presence of lactase for dairy)
34
Q

Repressible Operon

A

turned off by accumulation of the end product

35
Q

What is mutation?

A
  • stable change/manipulation on a gene
  • can have positive or negative effects
36
Q

What are the 3 ways that mutation can occur?

define them

A
  • predisposition (genetically inherited)
  • behavioral (what expose your body to)
  • spontaneous (just change, don’t know why)
37
Q

What are the 2 types of Mutation?

A
  • Point Mutation
  • Frameshift Mutation
38
Q

What is Point Mutation?

A

mutation takes place on a base (point), or on more than on base

39
Q

What are the 3 types of Point Mutation?

A
  • Missense Mutation
  • Nonsense Mutation
  • Silent Mutation
40
Q

What is Missense Mutation?

Provide Example

A
  • the mutation results in the synthesis of a different amino acid
  • ex: UUU creates Phenylaline, but if one U is replaces with A, it produces Leucine
41
Q

What is Nonsense Mutation?

Provide Example

A
  • a normal codon becomes a stop codon (or vice versa)
  • ex: UUU = Phenylalanine. If becomes UAA = stop codon
42
Q

What is a Silent Mutation?

A
  • mutation that may not result in the secretion of a different amino acid
  • ex: UUU -> UUC = Phenylalanine (redundancy)
43
Q

What is Frameshift Mutation?

A

the frame shifts after deletion or insertion of one base or pair of bases, creating nonfunctional molecules and issues

44
Q

What are the 2 types of Frameshift Mutation?

Provide Definitions

A
  • Deletion Mutation (delete one or pair of bases)
  • Addition/ Insertion Mutation (addition of one base or pair of bases)
45
Q

What is a Reading Frame?

A

the correct nucleotide sequence on a chromosomal strand (gene)

46
Q

What are the 3 Modes of Gene Transfer?

A
  • Conjugation
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
47
Q

What is gene conjugation?

A
  • transfer of genes through a sex pili (donor and recipient)
  • there is direct contact
  • plasmid is transferred
48
Q

What is gene transformation?

A
  • assimilation (through genetic alteration) of degenerated genome from the habitat/environment
  • no direct contact
49
Q

What is gene transduction?

A
  • transfer of gene through bacteriophage
  • no direct contact
50
Q

What are Transposons?

A
  • transposable segments of DNA, able to move from one location on the genome to another
  • AKA “jumping genes”
51
Q

What are the 2 types of Transposons?

provide definitions

A
  • Direct Repeat: bases are repeated further down same chromosome and complemented on next strand (2 strands)
  • Inverted Repeat: bases are complemented (inverted) on same strand (1 strand)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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