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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

Exam 2

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbial Metabolism

A

all chemical processes that take place in a cell/organism

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2
Q

Name the 2 pathways of metabolism

A
  • catabolic pathway (catabolism)
  • anabolic pathway (anabolism)
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3
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

breakdown of macromolecules, producing small, simpler units of chemical compounds

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4
Q

Name the major macromolecules

A
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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5
Q

What is the result of Catabolism?

A

exergonic reaction

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6
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

a chemical reaction that releases free energy

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7
Q

Example of exergonic reaction

A

Cellular Respiration

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8
Q

Example of Catabolic pathway

A

Cellular Respiration

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9
Q

Different forms of Energy

A
  • ATP
  • Calories
  • Joules
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10
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

buildup of complicated molecules from simpler units with the consumption of energy

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11
Q

What is the result of anabolism?

A

endergonic reaction

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12
Q

What is an example of an endergonic reaction?

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Photosynthesis is the same as Cellular Respiration (T/F)

A

False. They are opposites

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

any chemical agent that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed at the end
ex: enzyme (biological catalyst)

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16
Q

What are enzymes mostly composed of?

A

protein molecules

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17
Q

2 parts of enzyme molecule

A
  • active site (where substrate enters)
  • allosteric region (everywhere else)
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18
Q

What are enzymes affected by?

A
  • temperature (heat)
  • organic chemicals
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19
Q

Enzyme Specificity

A

the preference of an enzyme for one specific substrate

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20
Q

Name 3 enzymes

A
  • carbohydrase
  • lipase
  • protease
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21
Q

Simple Enzyme

A

composed of protein molecules

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22
Q

Holoenzyme

A

AKA conjugated enzyme;
composed of protein molecules and non-protein molecules

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23
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein portion of a holoenzyme

24
Q

What is the nonprotein portion of holoenzyme called?

A

Cofactor

25
Q

Organic Cofactors

A

AKA Coenzyme; Vitamins
- Water-Soluble: B, C complexes
- Fat-Soluble: A, D, E, K

26
Q

Inorganic Cofactors

A

AKA metallic; needed in trace amounts (trace/essential elements)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Silicone (Si)
- Iodine (I2)
- Iron (Fe)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Manganese, etc…

27
Q

Exoenzyme

A

enzyme transported extracellulary to bind/react with substrate

28
Q

Endoenzyme

A

retained inside cell; substrate travels to enzyme

29
Q

Constitutive Enzyme

A

always present in body at equal rates

30
Q

Name and Define the Regulated Enzymes

A
  • induced (initiate): turned on in the presence of the substrate
  • repressed (inhibit): turned off once enough product is produced
31
Q

Chemical Inhibitors

Name and Define

A

molecules that affect/control enzyme activity
- competitive inhibitor: molecule will compete for active site of enzyme molecule, making it impossible for substrate to fit into active site
- noncompetitive inhibitor (AKA allosteric regulation): molecule does not compete for active site but is still indirectly blocking active site

32
Q
A
33
Q

For something to move it needs…

A

energy

34
Q

What controls enzyme activity?

A

genes (DNA/RNA)

35
Q

Biochemical Reactions

A
  • are reversible
  • ex: breathing in and out
  • ex: drinking water and then urinating
36
Q

Redox Reactions

A

type of biochemical reaction;
reduction reaction and oxidation reaction

37
Q

Reduction Reaction

A

gain of electrons (OIL RIG)

38
Q

Oxidation Reaction

A

loss of electrons (OIL RIG)

39
Q

In blood there is always…

A

sugar and enzymes

40
Q

What controls enzyme activity?

Provide Example

A
  • our genes
  • ex: production of saliva
  • Induction: it is turned on
  • Repression: it is turned off once enough is produced
41
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Once 3rd phosphate in ATP is cut off, it will attach to another molecule

42
Q

What is another name for substrate?

A

Food

43
Q

Substrate Phosphorylation

A
  • attachment of a phosphate molecule to food
  • AKA Glycolysis
44
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What is it also known as?

A
  • molecule losing an electron and while doing so, will grab a phosphate and add it to the molecule
  • AKA ETC
45
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • protons moving from an area of high concentration
  • AKA Oxidative Phosphrylation/ETC
46
Q

Spontaneous/Passive Reaction

A
  • molecule “rolls” down slope of concentration gradient without needing energy
  • at bottom of slope, molecule will combust and release energy
  • a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
47
Q

Active Transport Reaction

A
  • molecule is “pulled” up slope from low to high concentration
  • energy is expended
  • a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
48
Q

How many steps are there of Glycolysis?

A

10 steps

49
Q

What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called?

A

investment phase

50
Q

What are the 2nd 5 steps of Glycolysis called?

A

yielding phase (pay off)

51
Q

Isomer

A

chemical compound with the same molecular formula, but different molecular structure

52
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in each stage of Carbohydrate Metabolism?

A
  • Glycolysis: 2 net/4 total
  • Krebs Cycle: 2
  • ETC: 34
  • Total: 38 - 40
53
Q

What’s another name for Glycolysis?

A

Substrate Phosphorylation

54
Q

What’s another name for Krebs Cycle? (2)

A
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
55
Q

What’s another name for ETC? (2)

A
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Chemiosmosis
56
Q

What is the main function of the Krebs Cycle?

A

synthesis of coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) which will be sent to ETC

57
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

preparation of pyruvate for Krebs Cycle

Microbiology (12 decks)

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