Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
Exam 2
Microbial Metabolism
all chemical processes that take place in a cell/organism
Name the 2 pathways of metabolism
- catabolic pathway (catabolism)
- anabolic pathway (anabolism)
Catabolic Pathway
breakdown of macromolecules, producing small, simpler units of chemical compounds
Name the major macromolecules
- lipids
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
What is the result of Catabolism?
exergonic reaction
Exergonic Reaction
a chemical reaction that releases free energy
Example of exergonic reaction
Cellular Respiration
Example of Catabolic pathway
Cellular Respiration
Different forms of Energy
- ATP
- Calories
- Joules
Anabolic Pathway
buildup of complicated molecules from simpler units with the consumption of energy
What is the result of anabolism?
endergonic reaction
What is an example of an endergonic reaction?
Photosynthesis
What is an example of an anabolic pathway?
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the same as Cellular Respiration (T/F)
False. They are opposites
Catalyst
any chemical agent that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed at the end
ex: enzyme (biological catalyst)
What are enzymes mostly composed of?
protein molecules
2 parts of enzyme molecule
- active site (where substrate enters)
- allosteric region (everywhere else)
What are enzymes affected by?
- temperature (heat)
- organic chemicals
Enzyme Specificity
the preference of an enzyme for one specific substrate
Name 3 enzymes
- carbohydrase
- lipase
- protease
Simple Enzyme
composed of protein molecules
Holoenzyme
AKA conjugated enzyme;
composed of protein molecules and non-protein molecules
Apoenzyme
protein portion of a holoenzyme
What is the nonprotein portion of holoenzyme called?
Cofactor
Organic Cofactors
AKA Coenzyme; Vitamins
- Water-Soluble: B, C complexes
- Fat-Soluble: A, D, E, K
Inorganic Cofactors
AKA metallic; needed in trace amounts (trace/essential elements)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Silicone (Si)
- Iodine (I2)
- Iron (Fe)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Manganese, etc…
Exoenzyme
enzyme transported extracellulary to bind/react with substrate
Endoenzyme
retained inside cell; substrate travels to enzyme
Constitutive Enzyme
always present in body at equal rates
Name and Define the Regulated Enzymes
- induced (initiate): turned on in the presence of the substrate
- repressed (inhibit): turned off once enough product is produced
Chemical Inhibitors
Name and Define
molecules that affect/control enzyme activity
- competitive inhibitor: molecule will compete for active site of enzyme molecule, making it impossible for substrate to fit into active site
- noncompetitive inhibitor (AKA allosteric regulation): molecule does not compete for active site but is still indirectly blocking active site
For something to move it needs…
energy
What controls enzyme activity?
genes (DNA/RNA)
Biochemical Reactions
- are reversible
- ex: breathing in and out
- ex: drinking water and then urinating
Redox Reactions
type of biochemical reaction;
reduction reaction and oxidation reaction
Reduction Reaction
gain of electrons (OIL RIG)
Oxidation Reaction
loss of electrons (OIL RIG)
In blood there is always…
sugar and enzymes
What controls enzyme activity?
Provide Example
- our genes
- ex: production of saliva
- Induction: it is turned on
- Repression: it is turned off once enough is produced
Phosphorylation
Once 3rd phosphate in ATP is cut off, it will attach to another molecule
What is another name for substrate?
Food
Substrate Phosphorylation
- attachment of a phosphate molecule to food
- AKA Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is it also known as?
- molecule losing an electron and while doing so, will grab a phosphate and add it to the molecule
- AKA ETC
Chemiosmosis
- protons moving from an area of high concentration
- AKA Oxidative Phosphrylation/ETC
Spontaneous/Passive Reaction
- molecule “rolls” down slope of concentration gradient without needing energy
- at bottom of slope, molecule will combust and release energy
- a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Active Transport Reaction
- molecule is “pulled” up slope from low to high concentration
- energy is expended
- a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
How many steps are there of Glycolysis?
10 steps
What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called?
investment phase
What are the 2nd 5 steps of Glycolysis called?
yielding phase (pay off)
Isomer
chemical compound with the same molecular formula, but different molecular structure
How many ATP molecules are produced in each stage of Carbohydrate Metabolism?
- Glycolysis: 2 net/4 total
- Krebs Cycle: 2
- ETC: 34
- Total: 38 - 40
What’s another name for Glycolysis?
Substrate Phosphorylation
What’s another name for Krebs Cycle? (2)
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
What’s another name for ETC? (2)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Chemiosmosis
What is the main function of the Krebs Cycle?
synthesis of coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) which will be sent to ETC
Pyruvate Oxidation
preparation of pyruvate for Krebs Cycle
