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Microbiology > Human Interactions with Microbes > Flashcards

Human Interactions with Microbes Flashcards

Exam 3

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Infection

A

microbes enter the body through portals and start to multiply

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2
Q

Disease

A

microbes spread to tissues and organs

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3
Q

Carrier State

A
  • human may be carrying microbes but may not be exhibiting signs and symptoms
  • microbes are established but disease is not apparent
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4
Q

What is it called when disease starts to cause permanent damage to tissues and organs?

A

sequelae

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5
Q

Mortality

A

when people die from infection

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6
Q

Morbidity

A

when people survive infection

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7
Q

Mortality Rate

A

How many people are dying within a specific time range

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8
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Out of X number of people infected, how many have survived

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of how often and severity of disease occurances in populations

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10
Q

What is the name of the federal agency responsible for keeping account of the spread of infections and diseases in our communities?

Where is the headquarters?

A

Center for Disease Control (CDC) & Prevention

Atlanta, GA

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11
Q

Portals of Entry (5)

Which is portal most used?

Non-Inclusive

A
  • Mouth
  • Skin
  • Nostrils (most frequented)
  • Eye
  • Ear
  • Anything with holes for entry
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12
Q

Portals of Exit (4)

Non-inclusive

A
  • Anal
  • Mouth (saliva)
  • Nostrils
  • Blood
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13
Q

Microbiota

A
  • Non-pathogenic microbes that naturally inhabit the human body
  • AKA normal flora
  • Can change from non-pathogenic to pathogenic when immune system is compromised (enodgenous infection)
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14
Q

Endogenous Infections

A
  • Infections caused by bacteria that are already within our body
  • when normal, sterile/non-pathogenic flora becomes infected/pathogenic
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15
Q

Provide an example of endogenous infection

A
  • We all have HSV1 (non-pathogenic)
  • when we are stressed, they multiply and we grow blisters and cold sores from HSV1 (pathogenic)
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16
Q

What are the 2 types microbes that Microbiota are composed of?

A
  • Microflora (plant-like)
  • Microfauna (animal-like)
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17
Q

What is an example of Microflora?

A

fungal infection between our toes

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18
Q

Probiotics

A

good microbes we encapsulate to take as supplements to increase the level of good bacteria in our body to help fight off the bad bacteria

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19
Q

Prebiotics

A

food that helps the good bacteria to grow

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20
Q

Exogenous Infection

A

when the bacteria comes from outside the body

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21
Q

Microbiome

A

totality of all genetic materials

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens?

Provide definitions

A
  • True: microbe that will cause infection in healthy individual
  • Opportunistic: microbe that will cause infection when the immune system is compromised
23
Q

How many lines of defense are there?

A

3

24
Q

What is required for microbes to cause infection?

A

they have to make contact with cells

25
Q

What are some structures that make up the 1st line of defense? (6)

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • mucosal cells
  • hairs on nostrils that trap microbes as we breathe in air
  • hairs of eyelashes
  • chemical in saliva (lysosomes that will kill most of the bacteria)
26
Q

What makes up the 2nd line of defense?(7)

A
  • lymphocytes (neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, NK Cells)
  • fever
  • inflammation
  • anti microbial peptides
  • iron binding proteins
  • complement system
  • interferon
27
Q

What makes up the 3rd line of defense?

A

Immune cells that target specific antigens (T and B cells)

28
Q

Innate Immunity

A

babies develop resistance to microbes in the environment

29
Q

Signs

A
  • observable by the observer (objective)
  • ex: rash
30
Q

Symptoms

A
  • Felt by the patient (subjective)
  • ex: You can’t see someone has a stomach ache. Can only go by what patient states
31
Q

Subclinical

A

asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms)

32
Q

Infectious Dose

A
  • minimum number of microbes required to initiate an infection
  • the lower the infectious dose, the more infectious/pathogenic the organism is
33
Q

What are the 4 stages of clinical infection?

A
  • Incubation
  • Prodromal
  • Invasion
  • Convalescent
34
Q

Incubation

A
  • 1st stage of clinical infection
  • initial entry of microbe into body
  • no multiplication yet, may be no initial signs or symptoms
35
Q

Prodromal

A
  • 2nd stage of clinical infection
  • microbes slightly start to multiply
  • still no infection
  • patient may have vague feeling of fatigue and the disesae incoming
36
Q

Invasion

A
  • 3rd stage of clinical infection
    -Infection has occured
  • signs and symptoms are apparent
  • Once infected, pateint my undergo mortility (death) or morbidity (survivial)
37
Q

Convalescent

A
  • 4th stage of clinical infection
  • Stage reached if patient survivied infection (morbidity)
  • microbes and symptoms decrease
38
Q

What are the microbe-free areas of the body?

A
  • Everywhere except the large-intestine (colon)
  • If there are microbes elsewhere, sign of infection
39
Q

What are the Patterns/Types of Infections? (9)

A
  • localized
  • systemic
  • focal
  • mixed/poly-microbial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • super
  • acute
  • chronic
40
Q

Localized Infection

A

infection is confined to a specific tissue or organ

41
Q

Systemic Infection

A

infection is carried by bodily system (ususally circulatory) to infect entire body

42
Q

Focal Infection

A

When microbe infects a tissue or organ, it breaks loose to infect another tissue or organ

43
Q

Mixed/Poly-microbial Infection

A

infection caused by more than one species of microbe

44
Q

Primary Infection

A

first time the microbe enters the body

45
Q

Secondary Infection

A
  • when a different type of microbe infects the body in a different tissue
  • ex: infection in ankle, then different microbe comes and infects the wrist
46
Q

Super Infection

A
  • infection develops after the administration of a drug
  • ex: take broad-spectrum drug that kills good bacteria
47
Q

Acute Infection

A
  • when the infection comes rapidly
  • usually severe (may kill a bunch) but very short lived
48
Q

Chronic Infection

A

infection carries over a long period of time (persists)

49
Q

Parasite

A
  • derives its nutritional need from host
  • can be harmful or nonharmful
50
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

AKA?

A
  • infections aquired during hospital stay
  • now called HAI (Healthcare Associated Infection)
51
Q

Drug Susceptibility Testing

AKA?

A
  • test that informs physician which drug to prescribe
  • AKA Kirby Bauer
52
Q

How are antibiotics produced?

A
  • Naturally secreted chemicals by microbes to inhibity or destroy other microbes
53
Q
A

Microbiology (12 decks)

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