Microbial Genetics

Question 1

What is the structure of genes for eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

• double helix DNA
• one strand is from mother
• other strand is from father

Question 2

What are the options for genes of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

• SS or DS DNA
• DS or SS RNA

Question 3

What is the genetics?

Answer 3

the study of inheritance and variability

Question 4

What is inheritance?

Answer 4

heredity/similarities to parents

Question 5

What is variability?

Answer 5

differences from parents

Question 6

When was the structure of the gene decoded and by who?

Answer 6

Watson and Crick in 1957

Question 7

What are the reasons we have genetic variability? (2)

Answer 7

• sexual reproduction
• mutation

Question 8

What is filial?

Answer 8

the generation following the parental generation (F1, F2)

Question 9

Genome

Answer 9

all genetic materials of a cell

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

• discrete molecules on a chromosome
• each gene # is responsible for a different characteristic

Question 11

Which gene is responsible for Down-Syndrome?

Answer 11

gene 21

Question 12

What is the name for the location of a gene on a chromosome?

Answer 12

locus

Question 13

What is each gene composed of?

Answer 13

2 alleles: dominant, recessive

Question 14

Phenotype

Answer 14

• physical/observable trait of an organism
• ex: I can see you’re tall

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

• actual genetic makeup of an organism
• ex: someone tall can carry recessive gene for height and baby come out short

Question 16

Provide an example of genetic character and corresponding trait

Answer 16

• Genetic character: eyes
• Trait: blue or brown

Question 17

How is DNA formed?

Answer 17

• pentose ribose is joined to phosphate molecule
• ribose is then joined to a nitrogenous base

Question 18

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 18

• Adenine
• Thymine (Uracil)
• Cytosine
• Guanine

Question 19

What is the Rule of Chargaff?

Answer 19

A bonds to T(U) (2 hydrogen bonds)
C bond to G (3 hydrogen bonds)

Question 20

What happens if the nitrogenous bases aren’t joined correctly

Answer 20

child will have a genetic deformity

Question 21

How are chromosomal strands arranged? (3)

Answer 21

• they are homologous
• 2 strands do not always start at same point
• anti-parallel: 5’ is leading, 3’ is lagging

Question 22

Homologous

Answer 22

• chromosomes are same length and same staining pattern

Question 23

What are the 2 families of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 23

Pyrimidine: C, T(U)
Purine: A, G

Question 24

What is the Central Dogma?

Answer 24

• DNA/Gene transcribes genes to mRNA
• mRNA translates(tRNA) genes into proteins Molecules (amino acids/enzymes)
• amino acids are polypeptides held togehter by peptide chains (make up protein molecule)
• the enzymes react with substrates (food) to produce products
• feeedback continues until there’s enough produced (feedback inhibition)

Question 25

What is a codon?

Answer 25

a sequence of 3 DNA or RNA molecules that correspond with a specific amino acid

Question 26

What produces codons?

Answer 26

mRNA
DNA bases are transcribed into RNA complementary pairing

Question 27

What produces anti-codons?

Answer 27

tRNA
- creates complementary pairings for mRNA

Question 28

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 28

• mRNA: messenger (carrying messages)
• tRNA: transfer (transfers those messages)
• rRNA: ribosomal (packages different protein molecules)

Question 29

What are the 4 structure of protein molecule?

Answer 29

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary (functional structure; natural form)
• quarternary