Exam 3 Review Flashcards
What are the 3 methods of microbial growth control?
- physical
- chemical
- mechanical
What are 2 examples of using dry heat for microbial control?
- dry oven
- incineration
What are the 2 types of physical control for microbial growth?
Provide Examples
- heat (dry and moist)
- radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
What is the pro/con of using dry heat for microbial control?
- pro: inexpensive
- con: lose use of item
What are 2 types of moist heat for microbial control?
- pressurized (sterilization)
- non-pressurized
What is used for pressurized moist heat microbial growth control?
Be specific
Autoclave
- PSI: 15
- Temp: 121C
- Time: 10 - 40 min
What are examples of non-pressurized moist heat for microbial growth control?
- hot water
- boiling water
- pasteurization
What is a requirement for pasteruization?
must maintain flavor and nutritional value
What are 2 methods for pasteurization?
Provide specifications
- batch method: 63.3C for 30 mins
- flash method: 75.5C for 15 sec
What are examples of ionizing radiation?
- x-ray
- cathode ray
- gamma ray
- microwave (food irradiation)
What is an example of non-ionizing radiation?
UV-rays
What is an example of Chemical control of microbial growth?
Chemotherapy: using a chemotherapeutic agent
What is an example of mechanical control of microbial growth?
HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air)
What elements are used to control microbial growth?
Provide examples
- Halogens
- ex: iodine
- ex: chlorine
What is a nosocomial infection?
AKA?
- infections acquired during hospital stay
- AKA HAI (Healthcare Acquired Infection)
Drug Susceptibility Testing
AKA?
- test that informs physican which drug to prescribe
- AKA Kirby Bauer
How are antibiotics produced?
naturally secreted chemcials by microbes to destroy or inhibit other microbes
When do we use filtration to control microbes?
HEPA filter
Which portal of entry is used most?
respiratory (nostrils)
What is oligodynamic action?
- using small amounts of heavy metals to inhibit or destroy a wide range of microbes
- ex: coins, doorknob, cutlery, keys
Drugs are perfect (T/F)
there are no perfect drugs (only ideal) all drugs have side effects/some degree of toxicity
Beta Lactam are composed of…
- beta-lactam ring
- thiazolidine ring
- variable R side chain
What is chemotherapy?
the use of drugs to treat any infection
What is pasteurization?
when we use heat at intervals intermittently to lower the microbial load
What are macrolides?
drugs that inhibit or destroy 50s of prokaryotic ribosome
What are aminoglycosides?
drugs that inhibit or destroy 30s subunit of prokaryotic ribosome
What are polymyxins?
drugs that create holes on the cell membrane of microbes
What is superinfection?
provide an example
- infection that dvelops after the administration of a drug
- ex: taking broad-spectrum drug that kills good bacteria
What is therapeutic index?
- the relationship between the efficacy of a drug and its side effect
- how effective the drug is against the side effect
Broad spectrum drugs
will inhibit or destroy both gram positive AND gram negative bacteria
Narrow spectrum drugs
will inhibity or destroy gram positive OR gram negative bacteria
Properties of drugs (10)
- efficacy
- concentration of drug must get to where the infection is taking place
- relatively soluble
- stomach acidity
- half-life
- bioavailability
- drug to drug interaction
- permeability
- chemical stability
- hydrogen bonding
Microbicide
drugs that kill microbes
Microbistatic
drugs that slow down rate of microbial replication
Food irradiation
- when we use radiation to destroy microbes on food
- does not affect taste of food, only increases shelf life
- food irradiation is approved by US but not by WHO
Chlorhexidine
What is it? AKA?
- a disinfectant and antiseptic
- AKA Biguanides
Signs
provide and example
- observable by the observer (objective)
- ex: rash
Symptoms
Provide an Example
- felt by the patient (subjective)
- Ex: if I tell you I have a stomach ache, how do you know? Can only go by what patient states
Stages of clinical infection
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Invasion/Infection
- Convalescent
What is Incubation?
- the 1st stage of clinical infection
- initial entry of microbe into body
- no multiplication yet. May be no sings or symptoms
What is Prodromal?
- 2nd stage of clinical infection
- starts to multiply a little bit (no infection yet)
- vague feeling of fatigue, might feel the disease incoming
What is Invasion?
- 3rd stage of clinical infection
- AKA infection
- signs and symptoms are apparent
What is Convalescent?
- 4th stage of clinical infection
- if survive (morbidity), micorbes and symptoms decrease
HEPA
- mechanical control of microbes (through filtration)
- High Efficiency Particulate Air
Parameters for Autoclave
PSI: 15
Temp: 121C
Time: 10 - 40 min
Microbiota
non-pathogenic microbes that naturally inhabit the human body
What are the two types of microbes that compose microbiota?
- microflora (plant-like)
- microfauna (animal-like)
What is infection?
microbes enter the body through portals of entry and start to multiply
TDT
- Thermal Death Time
- minimal time it takes to destroy a microbe in a sample populetion at a specified temperature
Sterilization
- complete and total elimination of all micro forms
- eradication of endospores and vegetative cells
Initial colonization of the newborn
AKA?
- AKA Innate Immunity
- babies develop resistance to mirobes in environment
Microbe free areas of the body
everywhere except colon (large intestine)
PABA
Provide Examples
- drugs that interrupt the metabolic pathway and keep bacteria from getting food
- sulfa
- sulfonamide
- sulfanilamide
- trimethoprim
Salvarsan
first synthetic drug without heavy side effects
Halogens
Examples:
- elements used to control microbial growth
- ex: iodine
- ex: chlorine
Tincture of Iodine
Iodine + alcohol
Universal Blood and Bodily Precaution
- you must assume everyone else is infectious, so have to protect yourself by wearing PPE
- ex: HIV
Infectious Dose
minimum number of microbes required to initiate an infection
Types/Patterns of Infection (9)
- localized
- systemic
- focal
- mixed/polymicrobial
- primary
- secondary
- super
- acute
- chronic
