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Microbiology > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 methods of microbial growth control?

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • mechanical
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2
Q

What are 2 examples of using dry heat for microbial control?

A
  • dry oven
  • incineration
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of physical control for microbial growth?

Provide Examples

A
  • heat (dry and moist)
  • radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
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4
Q

What is the pro/con of using dry heat for microbial control?

A
  • pro: inexpensive
  • con: lose use of item
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5
Q

What are 2 types of moist heat for microbial control?

A
  • pressurized (sterilization)
  • non-pressurized
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6
Q

What is used for pressurized moist heat microbial growth control?

Be specific

A

Autoclave
- PSI: 15
- Temp: 121C
- Time: 10 - 40 min

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7
Q

What are examples of non-pressurized moist heat for microbial growth control?

A
  • hot water
  • boiling water
  • pasteurization
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8
Q

What is a requirement for pasteruization?

A

must maintain flavor and nutritional value

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9
Q

What are 2 methods for pasteurization?

Provide specifications

A
  • batch method: 63.3C for 30 mins
  • flash method: 75.5C for 15 sec
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10
Q

What are examples of ionizing radiation?

A
  • x-ray
  • cathode ray
  • gamma ray
  • microwave (food irradiation)
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11
Q

What is an example of non-ionizing radiation?

A

UV-rays

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12
Q

What is an example of Chemical control of microbial growth?

A

Chemotherapy: using a chemotherapeutic agent

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13
Q

What is an example of mechanical control of microbial growth?

A

HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air)

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14
Q

What elements are used to control microbial growth?

Provide examples

A
  • Halogens
  • ex: iodine
  • ex: chlorine
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15
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

AKA?

A
  • infections acquired during hospital stay
  • AKA HAI (Healthcare Acquired Infection)
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16
Q

Drug Susceptibility Testing

AKA?

A
  • test that informs physican which drug to prescribe
  • AKA Kirby Bauer
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17
Q

How are antibiotics produced?

A

naturally secreted chemcials by microbes to destroy or inhibit other microbes

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18
Q

When do we use filtration to control microbes?

A

HEPA filter

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19
Q

Which portal of entry is used most?

A

respiratory (nostrils)

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20
Q

What is oligodynamic action?

A
  • using small amounts of heavy metals to inhibit or destroy a wide range of microbes
  • ex: coins, doorknob, cutlery, keys
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21
Q

Drugs are perfect (T/F)

A

there are no perfect drugs (only ideal) all drugs have side effects/some degree of toxicity

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22
Q

Beta Lactam are composed of…

A
  • beta-lactam ring
  • thiazolidine ring
  • variable R side chain
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23
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

the use of drugs to treat any infection

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24
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

when we use heat at intervals intermittently to lower the microbial load

25
Q

What are macrolides?

A

drugs that inhibit or destroy 50s of prokaryotic ribosome

26
Q

What are aminoglycosides?

A

drugs that inhibit or destroy 30s subunit of prokaryotic ribosome

27
Q

What are polymyxins?

A

drugs that create holes on the cell membrane of microbes

28
Q

What is superinfection?

provide an example

A
  • infection that dvelops after the administration of a drug
  • ex: taking broad-spectrum drug that kills good bacteria
29
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A
  • the relationship between the efficacy of a drug and its side effect
  • how effective the drug is against the side effect
30
Q

Broad spectrum drugs

A

will inhibit or destroy both gram positive AND gram negative bacteria

31
Q

Narrow spectrum drugs

A

will inhibity or destroy gram positive OR gram negative bacteria

32
Q

Properties of drugs (10)

A
  • efficacy
  • concentration of drug must get to where the infection is taking place
  • relatively soluble
  • stomach acidity
  • half-life
  • bioavailability
  • drug to drug interaction
  • permeability
  • chemical stability
  • hydrogen bonding
33
Q

Microbicide

A

drugs that kill microbes

34
Q

Microbistatic

A

drugs that slow down rate of microbial replication

35
Q

Food irradiation

A
  • when we use radiation to destroy microbes on food
  • does not affect taste of food, only increases shelf life
  • food irradiation is approved by US but not by WHO
36
Q

Chlorhexidine

What is it? AKA?

A
  • a disinfectant and antiseptic
  • AKA Biguanides
37
Q

Signs

provide and example

A
  • observable by the observer (objective)
  • ex: rash
38
Q

Symptoms

Provide an Example

A
  • felt by the patient (subjective)
  • Ex: if I tell you I have a stomach ache, how do you know? Can only go by what patient states
39
Q

Stages of clinical infection

A
  • Incubation
  • Prodromal
  • Invasion/Infection
  • Convalescent
40
Q

What is Incubation?

A
  • the 1st stage of clinical infection
  • initial entry of microbe into body
  • no multiplication yet. May be no sings or symptoms
41
Q

What is Prodromal?

A
  • 2nd stage of clinical infection
  • starts to multiply a little bit (no infection yet)
  • vague feeling of fatigue, might feel the disease incoming
42
Q

What is Invasion?

A
  • 3rd stage of clinical infection
  • AKA infection
  • signs and symptoms are apparent
43
Q

What is Convalescent?

A
  • 4th stage of clinical infection
  • if survive (morbidity), micorbes and symptoms decrease
44
Q

HEPA

A
  • mechanical control of microbes (through filtration)
  • High Efficiency Particulate Air
45
Q

Parameters for Autoclave

A

PSI: 15
Temp: 121C
Time: 10 - 40 min

46
Q

Microbiota

A

non-pathogenic microbes that naturally inhabit the human body

47
Q

What are the two types of microbes that compose microbiota?

A
  • microflora (plant-like)
  • microfauna (animal-like)
48
Q

What is infection?

A

microbes enter the body through portals of entry and start to multiply

49
Q

TDT

A
  • Thermal Death Time
  • minimal time it takes to destroy a microbe in a sample populetion at a specified temperature
50
Q

Sterilization

A
  • complete and total elimination of all micro forms
  • eradication of endospores and vegetative cells
51
Q

Initial colonization of the newborn

AKA?

A
  • AKA Innate Immunity
  • babies develop resistance to mirobes in environment
52
Q

Microbe free areas of the body

A

everywhere except colon (large intestine)

53
Q

PABA

Provide Examples

A
  • drugs that interrupt the metabolic pathway and keep bacteria from getting food
  • sulfa
  • sulfonamide
  • sulfanilamide
  • trimethoprim
54
Q

Salvarsan

A

first synthetic drug without heavy side effects

55
Q

Halogens

Examples:

A
  • elements used to control microbial growth
  • ex: iodine
  • ex: chlorine
56
Q

Tincture of Iodine

A

Iodine + alcohol

57
Q

Universal Blood and Bodily Precaution

A
  • you must assume everyone else is infectious, so have to protect yourself by wearing PPE
  • ex: HIV
58
Q

Infectious Dose

A

minimum number of microbes required to initiate an infection

59
Q

Types/Patterns of Infection (9)

A
  • localized
  • systemic
  • focal
  • mixed/polymicrobial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • super
  • acute
  • chronic

Microbiology (12 decks)

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