VIRO: FE ORTHO-CORONA

Question 1

What type of genome does Orthomyxoviridae have?

Answer 1

Single-stranded, negative-sense RNA.

Question 2

It is the site of replication for Orthomyxoviridae.

Answer 2

Nucleus.

Question 3

The process by which Orthomyxoviridae virions leave the host cell.

Answer 3

Budding from plasma membranes.

Question 4

What environmental factors is Orthomyxoviridae sensitive to?

Answer 4

Heat, desiccation, lipid solvents, detergents, irradiation, oxidizing agents.

Question 5

The meaning of ‘Orthomyxoviridae’ based on its etymology.

Answer 5

Correct mucus.

Question 6

What disease does Orthomyxoviridae cause?

Answer 6

Influenza in humans and animals.

Question 7

These are the surface glycoprotein projections found on Orthomyxoviridae.

Answer 7

Peplomers or ‘spikes’.

Question 8

The two types of peplomers in Orthomyxoviridae.

Answer 8

Haemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N).

Question 9

It is the function of Haemagglutinin (H) in Orthomyxoviridae.

Answer 9

Virus attachment and promoting entry of the virus.

Question 10

What is the function of Neuraminidase (N) in Orthomyxoviridae?

Answer 10

Cleaving viral receptors and releasing virions from infected cells.

Question 11

The primary target receptors for Orthomyxoviridae.

Answer 11

Sialic acid receptors on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract.

Question 12

The structure of the Orthomyxoviridae genome.

Answer 12

6-8 segments of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA.

Question 13

Which genera of Orthomyxoviridae is the most significant pathogen?

Answer 13

Influenzavirus A.

Question 14

What are the four genera of Orthomyxoviridae?

Answer 14

Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Thogotovirus.

Question 15

What mechanisms lead to new Orthomyxoviridae viruses?

Answer 15

Point mutation (antigenic drift) and genetic reassortment (antigenic shift).

Question 16

It is the gradual process of small changes in HA and NA proteins.

Answer 16

Antigenic drift.

Question 17

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 17

A major, abrupt change resulting in new HA and/or NA proteins, potentially causing pandemics.

Question 18

What classification details are included in influenza virus isolates?

Answer 18

Type/host/geographical origin/strain number/year of isolation/subtype.

Question 19

The difference between LPAI and HPAI in influenza viruses.

Answer 19

LPAI: Mild or no disease (H1-H16). HPAI: High mortality (H5, H7).

Question 20

What is the natural reservoir for Influenza A viruses?

Answer 20

Aquatic birds, especially ducks.

Question 21

How is Influenza A virus transmitted among birds?

Answer 21

Fecal-oral route.

Question 22

Where does genetic reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses occur?

Answer 22

In pigs.

Question 23

What are the common subtypes causing Avian Influenza outbreaks?

Answer 23

H5 and H7.

Question 24

What role does viral hemagglutinin cleavage play in Avian Influenza?

Answer 24

It enables the production of infectious virions in respiratory and digestive epithelial cells.

Question 25

What is the common cause of acute respiratory disease in horses?

Answer 25

Equine influenza.

Question 26

It is the first known outbreak of Swine Influenza.

Answer 26

1918, USA.

Question 27

What pandemic originated from swine influenza viruses in 2009?

Answer 27

H1N1 pandemic.

Question 28

The viral family responsible for diseases like pneumonia, enteritis, and hepatitis.

Answer 28

Coronaviridae.

Question 29

What are the known protein receptors for Coronaviridae?

Answer 29

ACE2, APN, DPP4.

Question 30

It is a coronavirus affecting swine, causing transmissible gastroenteritis.

Answer 30

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV).

Question 31

Which coronavirus genus includes SARS and MERS?

Answer 31

Betacoronavirus.

Question 32

What is the primary disease caused by Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus?

Answer 32

Acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in chickens.

Question 33

The disease caused by Turkey Coronavirus.

Answer 33

Coronaviral enteritis of turkeys ('blue comb disease').

Question 34

What are the four genera of Orthomyxoviridae?

Answer 34

Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Thogotovirus.

Question 35

Which genus of Orthomyxoviridae affects both humans and animals significantly?

Answer 35

Influenzavirus A.

Question 36

It is the mechanism by which new influenza virus strains emerge due to point mutations.

Answer 36

Antigenic drift.

Question 37

What is the key characteristic of antigenic shift?

Answer 37

A major, abrupt change resulting in new HA and/or NA proteins, potentially causing pandemics.

Question 38

How are influenza virus isolates classified?

Answer 38

Type/host/geographical origin/strain number/year of isolation/subtype.

Question 39

What is an example of influenza virus classification?

Answer 39

A/equine/Prague/1/56 (H7N7).

Question 40

What type of influenza virus is most commonly associated with pandemics?

Answer 40

Influenza A.

Question 41

Which virus subtype is responsible for high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)?

Answer 41

Some H5 and H7 AI subtypes.

Question 42

What is the role of pigs in influenza virus evolution?

Answer 42

Pigs act as mixing vessels for human and avian influenza viruses.

Question 43

How is Avian Influenza transmitted?

Answer 43

Fecal-oral route among birds.

Question 44

What diagnostic tests are used for Equine Influenza?

Answer 44

PCR assay, viral isolation, paired serologic testing.

Question 45

What was the first known outbreak of Swine Influenza?

Answer 45

1918, USA.

Question 46

Which viral family includes SARS and MERS coronaviruses?

Answer 46

Coronaviridae.

Question 47

It is the genus of coronaviruses that includes SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

Answer 47

Betacoronavirus.

Question 48

What coronavirus is responsible for feline infectious peritonitis?

Answer 48

Feline coronavirus (FIPV).

Question 49

Which avian coronavirus causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens?

Answer 49

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV).

Question 50

It is the disease caused by Turkey Coronavirus (TCV).

Answer 50

Coronaviral enteritis ('blue comb disease').

Question 51

What are the potential mechanical vectors of Turkey Coronavirus?

Answer 51

Darkling beetle larvae, domestic houseflies.

Question 52

What is the morbidity rate of Avian Infectious Bronchitis?

Answer 52

1