vietnam and spain Flashcards
what is guerilla warfare
irregular military actins such as harassment and sabotage carried out by small usually independent forces
formal armies in vietnam
south: AVRN, SVA
north: PAVN, NVA
main party involved in guerilla warffare
the vietcong
when were the vietcong established
1950s, located in southe vietnam but trained and based in north vietnam
what tactics did the vietcong use
terror tactics, miliary units
what was formed in 1960
national liberaiton front, the polticial wing of the VC
theory of guerilla warfare
use small groups to attack the enemy by surprise and then disappear into surrounding countryside. eventually this would wear down american forces and destroy morale
what was the ho chi minh trail
the network of paths through the jungle. good for transportation of supplies from the north to the vietcong in the south. went undetected through other countries
who used extensiv eunderground bunkers and tunnels
vietcong
hearts and minds campaign
to win over the locals, by building schools, roads etc
us poured money into south vietnam to improve QOL
some success in urban areas, not in rural areas with strong vietcong
operation rolling thunder
started as surgical aerial bombing of specific targets, avoiding cities, in case this provoked the USSR
when this didnt force a backdown, the us moved to blanket ombing to include all cities across north vietnam
north vietnam was devastated but did not surrender
search and destroy
small forces deployed by helicopter
the idea was to surprise attack villages controlled by the VC
chemical warfare in vietnam
agent orange - rainbow herbicides
used from 1966 to destroy leaves and undergrowth to remove cover for VC guerrillas
polluted air, soil and water
napalm
caused burns
long term effects in vietnam (birth defects)
my lai massacre
16th march 1968 on a platoon search and destroy
led by lt. william caley
claiming the village supported the VC, calley ordered his men to destroy the village and its inhabitants
two hours of torture, rape and murder
500 unarmed villagers dead
what is the first dail
the equivalent of the british house of commons
Army restores constitutional monarchy.
1874
Spain defeated in war with USA.
1898
Bloodless coup led by General Primo de Rivera.
1923
King Alfonso XIII abdicates and the Second Republic is established
1931
civil war breaks out
1936
long term causes of the spanish civil war
Weak Government
The Army
The Church
The Economy
The Regions
Politics
when did spain in theory become a democracy
1874
the weak gov in spain
King appointed Prime Minister who needed a majority in Parliament (male-only suffrage).
The reality was power was held by wealthy oligarchs.
Political control shifted between their different cliques.
Elections were rigged or decided by corruption.
There were no mass political parties.
when did the army intervene in political crisis
1974 and 1923
why was the army unpopular
brutality and heavy taxes imposed to maintain it
why did th e army lose following in 1898
defeat to america
why did the army need to reform
too big and too mnay officers
the army spanish civil war
The army had a powerful political position.
Based on Spain’s imperial past.
Intervened in political crisis – 1874 & 1923.
Army was unpopular due to brutality and heavy taxes imposed to maintain it.
Lost standing following defeat to America in 1898.
Army needed reform – too big and too many officers.
It was generally conservative with the “Africanistas” most traditional and nationalistic.
where was the church most popualr in spain
rural areas. in urban areas there were protests
the church in spain
The Catholic Church was rich and powerful.
The church had a role in education and the economy.
Opposed modernising and liberal forces.
Close ties to the aristocracy – led to resentment amongst some of the poor.
In urban areas there were protests against the church.
More popular in rural areas.
what did the church oppose
modernising and liberal forces
waht did the church having close ties with the aristocracy lead to
resentment among the poor
the economy in spain
Spain’s economy was based around agriculture.
In the centre and south of Spain most land was owned in huge estates, latifundia, by the “Grandees” who also dominated politics.
Land less peasants worked the land, hired on a daily basis, living in poverty and often not having enough food.
Disorder often broke out in the countryside.
Crushed ruthlessly by the Civil Guard.
Some farmers supported Socialist or Anarchist ideals.
But generally, due to their conservative nature, resisted.
(During the civil war, farmers mostly supported Franco and the Nationalists).
Industrialisation was limited in Spain in late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Mostly in north and Catalonia.
Workers faced low wages, long hours, poor housing and little welfare provision.
Trade Unions (CNT & UGT) were formed.
But lacked power due to availability of alternative labour from countryside and lack of legal protection.
what is the latifundia
In the centre and south of Spain most land was owned in huge estates, latifundia, by the “Grandees” who also dominated politics.
what are CNT and UGT
trade unions
why did trade unions lack power in spain
due to availability of alternative labour from countryside and lack of legal protection.
what did catalonia and basque refions want
decentralisation and independence
regions of catalonia and basque
Catalonia and Basque regions wanted decentralisation and independence.
They has their own languages and culture.
They were more industrialised compared to the south.
Under dictatorship of Primo de Rivera self governing rights taken back.
spanish politics
Liberal movement achieved little in opposing conservative forces in the 19th Century.
Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) grew in late 19th Century.
Post 1917 a small Communist Party emerged.
Extreme anarchist group, Spanish Anarchist Federation (FAI) founded in 1927 - linked to CNT & UGT.
None had much of an impact.
what party emerged post 1917
small communist party
what party was founded in 1927
Federation (FAI) founded in 1927 - linked to CNT & UGT.
which party grew in late 19th centuary
spanish socialist party (PSOE)
the spanish failed dictatorship
1923-30, General Primo de Rivera ruled Spain, attempting to set up an authoritarian right wing government.
Wall Street Crash affected Spain – especially due to debts run up since 1923.
De Rivera resigned in 1930 – dictatorship had failed to solve Spain’s economic problems or bring about long term political stability.
when did general primo de riveria rule spain in the attempt of trying to set up an authoritarian right wing gov
1923-30
when did spain have debts up to made worse by the great depression
1923
when did de riveria resign
1930
the second republic in spain
Local elections in April 1931, saw sweeping gains for republican and socialist parties.
A Second Republic was declared – Alfonso fled the country.
Interestingly, the army did nothing to save the King.
However, CEDA (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) was formed to defend the church and landlords, led by Jose Maria Gil-Robles.
CEDA was modelled on the Nazi Party.
when and for waht purpose was the CEDA set up
However, CEDA (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) was formed to defend the church and landlords, led by Jose Maria Gil-Robles.
CEDA was modelled on the Nazi Party.
when was a second republic declared
april 1931, saw sweeping gains for republican and socialist parties
when was the left republic 1931-33
In elections, the centre-left won with Manuel Azana becoming President.
He limited power of church – church no longer in control of education - and state payment of the clergy to be stopped.
Power of army was attacked – reduced number of officers – which was to radicalise the army.
The impact of the Great Depression continued.
Agricultural prices tumbled, wine and olive exports fell and peasant unemployment rose.
Iron production fell by one third, steel fell by a half.
A land distribution programme was introduced but the government didn’t have the money to pay for it.
Only 7,000 families benefitted by 1933 BUT the right saw it as a major threat to its interests.
Civil unrest continued – with risings by both right and extreme left.
Catalonia was given its own parliament, which angered the right.
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
Government lost support from working class and Azana resigned.
who became president in 1931
manuel azana
what did manuel azana do as president
He limited power of church – church no longer in control of education - and state payment of the clergy to be stopped.
Power of army was attacked – reduced number of officers – which was to radicalise the army.
A land distribution programme was introduced but the government didn’t have the money to pay for it.
Only 7,000 families benefitted by 1933 BUT the right saw it as a major threat to its interests.
what happend in january 1933
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
when did the government lose support of the working class leading azana to resign
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
what happened during the left republic that angered the right
catalonia being given its own parliment
the right republic 1933-36
Elections of 1933, saw swing to the right.
Centre-right government ruled in the “black years”.
They embarked on systematically reversing the Left’s reforms – church and army in particular.
Miners uprising in Asturia was violently suppressed by the army, navy and air force – estimated 1,700 dead.
A (limited) General Strike was crushed by the Civil Guard.
Spain became more polarised.
Caballero (left wing leader) called CEDA “the Spanish Nazis” and said the left should seek a “Soviet-style” solution for Spain.
Gil-Robles (CEDA leader) demanded a more authoritarian approach to control the left.
the popular front feb-july 1936
Elections of February 1936 saw the “Popular Front” (anti-fascist pact of left wing including socialists and communists) win.
Azana returned to power but Cabellero’s socialists refused to join government.
Azana’s limited reform pleased nobody.
Anarchists encouraged peasant land seizures and recruited militia.
There was open conflict between anarchist FAI and CEDA and fascist Falange youth movements.
when did azana return to power
during the popular forn tin feb 1936
in what way did civil war commence
Military officers started planning coup as soon as Popular Front won elections.
13th July 1936, key CEDA politician Jose Calvo Sotelo was assassinated.
17th July 1936, General Emilio Mola ordered the coup.
The Spanish Civil War had begun.
when was jose calvo killed
13th july 1936
when did general emilio mola order a coup
17th july 1936
republicans in spain (who were they made up of)
Elements of military who stayed loyal to the government.
Communists and Socialists
POUM –The Workers Party of Marxist Unification.
CNT & FAI – anarchists and trade unions.
Catalan and Basque separatists.
International Brigades.
Received support from USSR – military equipment and advisors.
Monarchists, nationalists, fascists (Falange), conservatives, majority of Catholic church, most large landowners and businessmen and most of the army.
Received support from Germany and Italy – including 40,000 troops, 600 planes and 200 tanks.
Franco becomes leader in October 1936.
when did franco become leader
october 1936
what support did germany and italy recieve
40,000 troops, 600 planes and 200 tanks
CNT
National Confederation of Labour (Trade Union)
FAI
Spanish Anarchist Federation
POUM
United Working Class Marxist Party (Trotskyist)
UGT
General Union of Workers (Trade Union)
CARLISTS
supporters of the King
CEDA
Spanish Confederation of Independent Rightists – Right wing political party
FALANGE
Fascist Party
alfonso becomes king 17th May 1902
Sixteen-year-old Alfonso XIII is crowned king of Spain. The young king relishes his power and routinely intervenes in parliamentary affairs. The result is extreme political instability, and 33 governments are formed in Spain between 1902 and 1923.
rif war July 22nd 1921
Berber armies led by Abd el-Krim force the Spanish garrison at Annual (Anwal), Morocco, to retreat in disarray, marking the start of a military campaign that would come to be known as the Rif War. The rout marks the greatest defeat of a European colonial power by indigenous forces since the Battle of Adwa.
how does primo establish a dictatorship
One week before the publication of a report directly implicating Alfonso XIII in the disastrous outcome of the Battle of Annual, General Miguel Primo de Rivera orchestrates a coup d’état that topples the parliamentary government. With Alfonso’s support, Primo de Rivera establishes a dictatorship.
context to the end of alfonso’s regin January 28th 1930
The Spanish economy is reeling as a result of the global depression, and Alfonso forces Primo de Rivera’s resignation; the physically broken dictator dies less than two months later. The monarchy has become too closely associated with the excesses of the dictatorship, and Republican sentiment has grown too strong to tolerate Alfonso’s continued meddling in Spanish politics. An alliance of former liberal monarchists, Catalan politicians, and Republicans meets at San Sebastián on August 17, 1930, and agrees to overthrow the king.
how does alfonso’s reign come to an end april 12th 1931
Republican and Socialist candidates triumph overwhelmingly in municipal elections. They demand Alfonso’s abdication, and the military withdraws its support from the embattled king. Two days later, facing the prospect of a violent insurrection, Alfonso flees the country.
when is the second republic proclaimed
april 1931
how does the establishment of the falange espanola come about October 29th 1933
José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the eldest son of the late dictator, establishes the Falange Española, a far-right nationalist political group committed to overthrowing the Republican government. The movement draws heavily on Italian fascism, and initially it draws little public support. In its early years, it is largely dependent on financial assistance from Benito Mussolini for its survival.
when does the Spanish right win general election
november 1933
when ist he asturais rising
october 1934
describe how the popular front comes about 16th Feb 1936
Popular front government elected
The Popular Front, a broad left-wing coalition headed by Manuel Azaña, wins the majority of seats in the Spanish Cortes (parliament). During the first four months of Popular Front rule, 113 general and more than 200 partial strikes take place, while 170 churches, 69 clubs, and the offices of 10 newspapers are set afire by arsonists. Rightist military leaders begin plotting the overthrow of the government.
describe the july 17th 1936 coup
Spurred to action by the assassination of extreme-right leader José Calvo Sotelo by government security forces, a cadre of right-wing military officers makes its move. An army mutiny begins in Spanish Morocco, and, at dawn the following day, Gen. Francisco Franco broadcasts a manifesto from his base in the Canary Islands, declaring that the rebellion has begun. Although Franco’s Nationalist forces quickly occupy a number of provincial capitals, they are unable to secure Madrid, and the coup attempt devolves into civil war.
when is the arrival of german nazi party and Italian fascist planes to support franco
july 17th 1936
when is the Capture of Badajoz, the first major victory for Franco’s nationalists.
14th august 1936
when does Franco bring his Moroccan legion into Spain with German transport aircraft – FOREIGN INTERVENTION
august and september 1936
when do the first international brigades trainees arrive in albacete, spain
october 14th 1936
how does a proxy war between europes fascist and bolshevik powers come about
The first International Brigades trainees arrive in Albacete, Spain. For the next two years, some 60,000 of these foreign volunteers—who were recruited, organized, and directed by the Comintern (Communist International)—would fight on the Republican side. Franco’s Nationalists would draw support from the governments in Italy and Nazi Germany, despite both of those countries having signed a nonintervention pledge. The contest ultimately becomes a proxy war between Europe’s fascist and Bolshevik powers.
when do nationalist forces arrive at madrid
november 6th 1936
what happens when nationalist forces arrive at madrid
Nationalist forces arrive at Madrid, expecting to carry out a triumphal entry. Instead, they are checked by a strong International Brigades force, and a 28-month-long siege of the city begins.
when does primo de riveria, who has been in police custody since July, is executed by firing squad. He becomes a martyr for the Nationalist cause.
november 20th 1936
when is the bombing of guernica
26th april 1937
what happens in the bombing of guernica
The Republican-held city of Guernica is bombed by planes of the Luftwaffe’s Condor Legion. Hundreds of civilians are killed in an attack that would demonstrate the effectiveness of terror bombing to Hermann Göring and other Nazi commanders. The almost complete destruction of the Basque city inspires Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica (1937).
when are Anarchist risings in Barcelona
2-6th may 1937
how does bilbao fall to nationalists
Bilbao falls to the Nationalists after a two-month siege. Although Nationalists complete their conquest of the Basque Country in October, the major population centers of Barcelona and Madrid remain outside their control.
when does bilbao fall to nationalists
june 19th 1937
when is the Teruel offensive
november 1937
when do nationalist forces divide spain in two
april 1938
when ist he battle of ebro
july-nov 1938
how does barcelona fall
The war has been characterized by long periods of bloody stalemate punctuated by rapid breakthroughs by the Nationalists. An exhausted Republican army, saddled with the weight of some three million refugees, sees its last hope of victory on the battlefield extinguished at the Battle of the Ebro. By February 1939, Barcelona has fallen, and a tide of refugees pours into France.
when does barcelona fall
november 18th 1938
when is the usrrender of madrid
28th march 1939
what is the surrender of madrid
Surrender of Madrid
Some 200,000 Nationalist troops enter Madrid unopposed. The Republican government fled to exile in France weeks earlier, and the city is in no condition to resist. It has endured a winter without heat, and starvation has claimed the lives of countless residents. By the following day, what remains of Republican Spain has surrendered. The war has lasted two years and 254 days; as many as one million lives have been lost, either directly through combat or as a result of privation. Franco establishes a dictatorship that would endure until his death on November 20, 1975.
when does the war end
1st april 1939
when is the Monarchy overthrown and first republic estbalished.
1873
how was the ussr affected by the spanish civil war
Republican defeat undermined credibility of Communism.
Lack of action by Britain and France pushed Stalin into reconsidering alliance with the west.
Was one of the contributing factors to the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
how was germany affected by spanish civil war
Brought Germany and Italy closer together.
Hitler could portray himself as “defending the world from Communism”.
Successfully tested some of the tactics to be used in the Second World War i.e. blitzkrieg and use of airpower.
how was italy affected by the spanish civil war
Brought Germany and Italy closer together.
Domestic boost for Mussolini – viewed as a winner
how were britain and france affected by the Spanish civil war
Their non-intervention boosted Hitler and gave him confidence to be more adventurous in his foreign policy.
Also, Hitler “lost respect” for Britain due to their weak stance.
Perception that “the bomber will always get through” effected British (and French) mind-set and furthered appeasement.
effect of spanish civil war on international relations
Undoubtedly changed the diplomatic landscape.
Europe was now more polarised.
Franco’s victory was a huge boost for the fascist regimes.
For Britain, France and USSR it is more evidence of the “gathering storm”.
how did franco rule (up to 1975)
Authoritarian rather than Fascist – no underlying ideology.
Ruled in the interest of pre-war elites; business, Catholic Church and army.
No democracy or political parties.
Instead there was “the National Movement”.
After Franco’s death in 1975 the monarchy returned (as did democracy).
what was education like under franco
restricted
how did frnaco crush opposition
Strikes were a crime.
Censorship enforced.
Opposition crushed – often with extreme violence.
Regions lost autonomy and official use of Basque and Catalan languages forbidden.
helath and welfare under franco
spending was amongst the loweset in europe
what was the spanish economy like at the end of war
wages were 60% of 1936 levels
how was th spanish economy fixed after the war
Seized land returned to landlords.
Didn’t benefit from Marshall Aid.
But, in 1950s thanks to American desire to maintain anti-Communist regime, investment started to slowly flow in.
1960s saw economic growth and prosperity.
Mass tourism was encouraged and led to loosening of authoritarian control.
how did the role of women diminish after the war
The role of women was significantly diminished after the war.
Civil Code of 1889 re-introduced.
It meant women were legally dependent on their fathers or husbands.
Women could be punished for extra-marital affairs.
what did unmariied women aged 18-35 have to do
undertake 6 months service to prepare them for life dedicated to the Catholic family and the nation.
what restrictions were there on women after the war in spain
Propaganda was used to emphasise the importance of marriage and the family.
Strict moral codes were also imposed.
Foreign films were censored.
Mixed bathing on beaches were believed to give rise to sin and scandal.
Engaged couples were advised to be careful about their behaviour.
how did spains position i n the world change after ww2
Stayed neutral during Second World War – did allow German aircraft and submarines to use Spanish facilities.
Stalin wanted allies to invade Spain in 1945.
Cold War led to improved relations with the USA – Pact of Madrid in 1953.
Spain joined NATO in 1982.
Spain joined EU in 1986.
when did Nationalists advance on Madrid – rapid success on cities on way to Madrid
aug-oct 1936
when was – Alcazar – medieval fortress near Toledo – nationalists broke Republican siege
sept 1936
when was Madrid – Nationalist bombardment of Madrid. Stalemate as republicans got weapons from USSR and Mexico, more manpower and International brigade.
oct-dec 1936
when was Malaga campaign. Joined by Italian troops – Guerra celere defeated Republicans
feb 1937
when was – Battle for Madrid – Guadalajara campaign – infantry, tanks, a/c – defensive victory for Republicans who had more manpower and better weaponry – stalemate
jan-mar 1937
when was Vizcaya campaign – Basque area and Asturias – valuable resources – airpower crucial – Germans - newly develop a/c, aerial bombardment of cities – new tactic. Nationalists won cities. Guernica April 1937. deliberate targeting of civilians new tactic..
may-june 1937
when did Nationalists move into north – Bilbao. Indutrialised, aerial bombardment, artillery, blockading from sea, Bilbao surrendered – mainly won due to air power. North won.
may-oct 1937
when was Barcelona - fighting amongst republicans, anarchists vs socialists, Anarchists believed gov’t should use guerrilla tactics, so did USSR, civil war within civil war, moderates won, continued to fight conventional battles, not using guerrilla tactics. PM Negrin, Cabellero resign
may 1937
when did republicans first campaign Brunete east of Madrid to relieve siege of Madrid, initial success pushed back by anti-tank weaponry and German Condor Legion bombers – a/c impt.
july 1937
when was more attempts to take Madrid. Teruel, east of Madrid fell after aerial bombardment and artillery. Siege tactics – near starvation.
dec 1937-jan 1938
when was the Ebro Offensive – Republican offensive – to stop Nationalist advance into Catalonia, hope to prolong war so 2WW start (then GB and Fr help?) – initial advance but couldn’t sustain due to air support for Nationalists, huge losses for Republicans
jul-nov 1938
when was cut off and aerial bombardment and then Madrid, Franco recognised by GB and Fr (anti Com)
feb-mar 1939
what is guerrila warfare
“fought by irregulars in fast-moving, small-scale actions against larger orthodoxmilitaryand police forces and, on occasion, againstrivalinsurgentforces, either independently or in conjunction with a larger political-militarystrategy.”
civilian population, often locals so know the area, can retreat almost immediately
Co-ordinated?
Examples – hit and run, ambushes, surprise attacks,
what is the traditional view on guerrila fighting in the Spanish civil war
Guerrilla warfare non-existent or very minimal. Had little impact on outcome.
“Guerrilla operations were only a minor element in the Republican government’s strategy during the Spanish Civil Mar. Nor did Franco’s Rebel army or his German, Italian, and Portuguese “volunteer” units make any use whatever of this mode of conflict.” B Waley
War was mostly fought traditionally and conventionally, set pieces, sieges, reprisals (including uncoordinated, isolated espionage attacks), tanks, planes, NB civilian population as target was new as result of aerial bombardment and new technology (German and Italian as well as USSR). Some semi-guerrilla warfare in Madrid
what was the ussr involvemen in guerrila warfare
Guerrilla tactics directed by USSR – locals trained and operations run by USSR. Russia had a history of this method in Nap wars and Russian Civil War. USSR created peasant bases in loyalist Spain. Did so independently of the Spanish government by 1937. Chain of command went to Moscow.
Nationalist reprisal actions often against these guerrillas
Guerrillas had a mainly minor role in disrupting supply routes and organised popular resistance
Loyalist government was urged to adopt guerrilla warfare but declined but USSR went ahead planning behind the lines operations anyway, especially after National reprisals but didn’t have resources to train and equip them – had to put best efforts into training their army instead
By early 1937
Aleksandr Orlov was a veteran senior NKVD officer (with rank equivalent of brigadier general) in the Foreign Department. Orlov*s branch of INO/NKVD was made responsible for: (l) exercising general surveillance of all Soviet aid mission and International Brigade personnel, (2) infiltrating the Republican secret police, (3) planning and conduct of all ordered assassinations. In addition, Orlov was in charge of creating, training, and directing Spanish guerrilla units.
The initial step taken by the NKVD in developing partisan operations was their creation of two guerrilla warfare schools, in Madrid and in Benimatnet (near Valencia), each with about 200 trainees. Four more NKVD guerrilla schools were later established, including one in Barcelona with nearly 600 trainees.
Operating Andalusia, Madrid, Basque, Asturias, Aragon
why was there not more spanish guerrilla warfare
premier didnt have the resources
needed suppoort of local peasants
nothing to politically unify rural peasants (lacked organisation)
sporadic attacks not guerrilla warfare
Colonel Lister—a leading member of the Spanish CP Central Committee since 1937—stated that:
“A powerful guerrilla movement behind Franco’s lines became a possibility even before the civil war had ended. It could have been based on the thousands of patriots operating in the mountains in the territory held by Franco’s fascists. But the successive Republican governments and their war ministers failed to seize the opportunity.”
why was there a decision made to not go down guerrilla route
Anarchists argued for pressing on with social revolution and use of guerrilla warfare but socialist groups argued to fight conventionally and put social revolution on hold.
Republican government also rejected Spanish Moroccan nationalist offers of help in return for their independence (France, and ethnic prejudice the issues)
Republican government failed to imagine
what was the end of the spanish civilw war like
In the closing months of the war Franco told the Germans he expected the “Reds” would continue a tough “guerrilla warfare” resistance at local levels after their defeat in the field.
However, except for some local and seemingly uncoordinated pockets of resistance, guerrilla warfare abruptly stopped with the conclusion of the main hostilities.
This happened apparently because few guerrilla operations in Spain were self-sustaining at that time and so ended with the withdrawal of the NKVD.
who got better foreign aid
nationalists
what did italy give to the natonalist
70,000 troops, 750 planes and 120
tanks
nationalists strengths
army of africa
franco’s command
terror
the church
army of africa
These were the best soldiers in the army.
* In open and mobile offensives they proved to
be the most effective force in the Civil War.
* Made crucial advances in southern Spain in
1936.
* They were also to prove very ruthless
nationalists terror
A number of atrocities were carried out by both
sides but for the Nationalists, terror was part of
their campaign.
* In August 1936, in the bullring at Badajoz, local
councillors, trade unionists and freemasons were
massacred estimated dead: 573 - 4,000 still
disputed today.
* Most famous incident was Guernica, April 1937.
* Initially, the “terror” stiffened Republican
resistance but later lowered morale and
contributed to defeatism.
franco’s command
Franco assumed political and military
command in September 1936 – gave
Nationalists crucial unity.
* Increased political unity by merging the
Carlists and Falange into one party – FET
(Spanish Traditionalist Phalanx.
nationalist strength the church
Opposed the left and its secular ideologies.
* Church leaders would denounce atheist
communism and call for a crusade to protect
Christian civilisation.
* Resulted in increased peasant support for the
Nationalists.
* The Catholic church made no public criticism
of the “terror”.
nationalist weaknesses not arming workes at start
Opposed the left and its secular ideologies.
* Church leaders would denounce atheist
communism and call for a crusade to protect
Christian civilisation.
* Resulted in increased peasant support for the
Nationalists.
* The Catholic church made no public criticism
of the “terror”.
republican weakness
not arming workers at start
political infighting
lack of central command
military problems
international support
internal brigades
the economy
republican weakness political infighting
Wide ideological differences between socialists &
communists and anarchists.
* Socialists and communists wanted to postpone
“revolution” until after war was won.
* Anarchists argued war could only be won through
revolutionary politics.
* In Barcelona, in May 1937, there was 4 days of
street fighting – known as the “May Days”.
* POUM and anarchists leaders were arrested and
executed by communists
republican weakness lack of central command
Communists and socialists mainly based in
Madrid and Valencia.
* Anarchists dominated Catalonia, Aragon and
Andalusia.
* It was difficult for the Republic’s “leaders” to
retain centralised control
republican weaknesses military problems
Lacked strong military leadership.
* Loyal army officers, with potentially
valuable experience, were not trusted.
* Often fought a series of local conflicts
(fought by militia) rather than one clear
overall campaign – not until end of 1936
was there a coherent “Popular Army”.
* Failed to sustain offensive campaigns in
1937 at Brunete, Belchite and Teruel.
republican weaknesses internaitonal support
Received 806 planes, 362 tanks, and 2,000-3,000
military advisors and pilots from USSR.
* Support from USSR was on Stalin’s terms.
* He wanted a “long war” to embroil Germany and Italy
indefinitely.
* Wanted control of the “Left” in Spain – inevitably
anarchists and POUM would not accept this.
* Soviet’s withdrew support in 1938.
* Non-intervention by Britain and France proved to be a
“hypocritical farce”.
* Their arms embargo on the sale of weapons to the
“elected government” weakened the Republicans
dramatically.
republican weakness international brigades
50,000 volunteers came from across Europe
and America.
* Despite the romance and heroism, many
became disillusioned by bitter infighting,
Communist infiltration and self-interest.
* By 1938, their effectiveness on the battlefield
was limited and many started to go home.
republicna weaknesses the economy
Public utilities, transport, industries, and
farms were under anarchist control.
* Could not supply the needs of the Republican
war effort.
* The Republic was increasingly affected by food
and raw material shortages.
* Inflation reached 300% during the war, but
wages only increased by 15%
what did paul preston beieve about who won the Spanish civil war
Believes that the war was won by
the Nationalists largely because of the terrible
atrocities committed by Franco’s men.
what did stanley payne believe about who won the Spanish civil war
Believes that the Republican
government was incompetent and made huge
tactical and strategic errors which lost them the
war.
when did france gain control over north Indochina
1884-85
when was french indochina formed
17th ocotber 1887 and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War in 1893.
was cochinchina directly ruled
yes others had agreements between their royal families and the french (bao dai above)
how did france control indochina
railway from Hanoi to Saigon and infrastructure for world trade (using local resources and people) – ports etc
Provided education and health institutions but minimal benefit for locals – only in cities if lucky or rich enough
These were mainly for the French colonialists
Raw materials – rubber, coal, tin, zinc – benefited French.
Indochina – mainly agricultural peasant farmers, village based – rice growing
french rule in vietnam
1)postponement of all taxes because of the recent crop failure;
2) reduction of all market, salt, alcohol, and tobacco taxes;
3) equality in watch duty (up until then the poor were forced to perform the task but the rich were spared);
4) compensation to families of the victims of recent uprisings;
5) no foreign troops to suppress the people and no use of Vietnamese recruits for military duties abroad; and
6) release of all students and revolutionaries incarcerated on political charges.
What was the situation in 1946 for Vietnam?
The Vietminh had supported the USA in the fight against the Japanese
Ho Chi Minh had claimed independence from the French Sept 1945 and appealed to the USA for support.
President Roosevelt (died April 1945) had been against the return of the French to Vietnam but the new president, Truman, did not follow Roosevelt’s ideas and supported the French.
So, the French returned to Vietnam helped by the British and supported by the USA.
This led to war between France and the Vietminh.
what happened after ww2
After the Second World War the wartime allies became entrenched in a new conflict due the different ideologies of communism and capitalism, led by the USA and the USSR.
There was no direct conflict between the two sides due to the fear of nuclear war but both sides supported other conflicts around the world.
Millions died as a result
WAR IN KOREA INDOCHINA PPT SLIDE 10 POST W22 VIETNAM INDOCHINA WAR AGAINST FRENCH
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