vietnam and spain Flashcards
what is guerilla warfare
irregular military actins such as harassment and sabotage carried out by small usually independent forces
formal armies in vietnam
south: AVRN, SVA
north: PAVN, NVA
main party involved in guerilla warffare
the vietcong
when were the vietcong established
1950s, located in southe vietnam but trained and based in north vietnam
what tactics did the vietcong use
terror tactics, miliary units
what was formed in 1960
national liberaiton front, the polticial wing of the VC
theory of guerilla warfare
use small groups to attack the enemy by surprise and then disappear into surrounding countryside. eventually this would wear down american forces and destroy morale
what was the ho chi minh trail
the network of paths through the jungle. good for transportation of supplies from the north to the vietcong in the south. went undetected through other countries
who used extensiv eunderground bunkers and tunnels
vietcong
hearts and minds campaign
to win over the locals, by building schools, roads etc
us poured money into south vietnam to improve QOL
some success in urban areas, not in rural areas with strong vietcong
operation rolling thunder
started as surgical aerial bombing of specific targets, avoiding cities, in case this provoked the USSR
when this didnt force a backdown, the us moved to blanket ombing to include all cities across north vietnam
north vietnam was devastated but did not surrender
search and destroy
small forces deployed by helicopter
the idea was to surprise attack villages controlled by the VC
chemical warfare in vietnam
agent orange - rainbow herbicides
used from 1966 to destroy leaves and undergrowth to remove cover for VC guerrillas
polluted air, soil and water
napalm
caused burns
long term effects in vietnam (birth defects)
my lai massacre
16th march 1968 on a platoon search and destroy
led by lt. william caley
claiming the village supported the VC, calley ordered his men to destroy the village and its inhabitants
two hours of torture, rape and murder
500 unarmed villagers dead
what is the first dail
the equivalent of the british house of commons
Army restores constitutional monarchy.
1874
Spain defeated in war with USA.
1898
Bloodless coup led by General Primo de Rivera.
1923
King Alfonso XIII abdicates and the Second Republic is established
1931
civil war breaks out
1936
long term causes of the spanish civil war
Weak Government
The Army
The Church
The Economy
The Regions
Politics
when did spain in theory become a democracy
1874
the weak gov in spain
King appointed Prime Minister who needed a majority in Parliament (male-only suffrage).
The reality was power was held by wealthy oligarchs.
Political control shifted between their different cliques.
Elections were rigged or decided by corruption.
There were no mass political parties.
when did the army intervene in political crisis
1974 and 1923
why was the army unpopular
brutality and heavy taxes imposed to maintain it
why did th e army lose following in 1898
defeat to america
why did the army need to reform
too big and too mnay officers
the army spanish civil war
The army had a powerful political position.
Based on Spain’s imperial past.
Intervened in political crisis – 1874 & 1923.
Army was unpopular due to brutality and heavy taxes imposed to maintain it.
Lost standing following defeat to America in 1898.
Army needed reform – too big and too many officers.
It was generally conservative with the “Africanistas” most traditional and nationalistic.
where was the church most popualr in spain
rural areas. in urban areas there were protests
the church in spain
The Catholic Church was rich and powerful.
The church had a role in education and the economy.
Opposed modernising and liberal forces.
Close ties to the aristocracy – led to resentment amongst some of the poor.
In urban areas there were protests against the church.
More popular in rural areas.
what did the church oppose
modernising and liberal forces
waht did the church having close ties with the aristocracy lead to
resentment among the poor
the economy in spain
Spain’s economy was based around agriculture.
In the centre and south of Spain most land was owned in huge estates, latifundia, by the “Grandees” who also dominated politics.
Land less peasants worked the land, hired on a daily basis, living in poverty and often not having enough food.
Disorder often broke out in the countryside.
Crushed ruthlessly by the Civil Guard.
Some farmers supported Socialist or Anarchist ideals.
But generally, due to their conservative nature, resisted.
(During the civil war, farmers mostly supported Franco and the Nationalists).
Industrialisation was limited in Spain in late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Mostly in north and Catalonia.
Workers faced low wages, long hours, poor housing and little welfare provision.
Trade Unions (CNT & UGT) were formed.
But lacked power due to availability of alternative labour from countryside and lack of legal protection.
what is the latifundia
In the centre and south of Spain most land was owned in huge estates, latifundia, by the “Grandees” who also dominated politics.
what are CNT and UGT
trade unions
why did trade unions lack power in spain
due to availability of alternative labour from countryside and lack of legal protection.
what did catalonia and basque refions want
decentralisation and independence
regions of catalonia and basque
Catalonia and Basque regions wanted decentralisation and independence.
They has their own languages and culture.
They were more industrialised compared to the south.
Under dictatorship of Primo de Rivera self governing rights taken back.
spanish politics
Liberal movement achieved little in opposing conservative forces in the 19th Century.
Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) grew in late 19th Century.
Post 1917 a small Communist Party emerged.
Extreme anarchist group, Spanish Anarchist Federation (FAI) founded in 1927 - linked to CNT & UGT.
None had much of an impact.
what party emerged post 1917
small communist party
what party was founded in 1927
Federation (FAI) founded in 1927 - linked to CNT & UGT.
which party grew in late 19th centuary
spanish socialist party (PSOE)
the spanish failed dictatorship
1923-30, General Primo de Rivera ruled Spain, attempting to set up an authoritarian right wing government.
Wall Street Crash affected Spain – especially due to debts run up since 1923.
De Rivera resigned in 1930 – dictatorship had failed to solve Spain’s economic problems or bring about long term political stability.
when did general primo de riveria rule spain in the attempt of trying to set up an authoritarian right wing gov
1923-30
when did spain have debts up to made worse by the great depression
1923
when did de riveria resign
1930
the second republic in spain
Local elections in April 1931, saw sweeping gains for republican and socialist parties.
A Second Republic was declared – Alfonso fled the country.
Interestingly, the army did nothing to save the King.
However, CEDA (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) was formed to defend the church and landlords, led by Jose Maria Gil-Robles.
CEDA was modelled on the Nazi Party.
when and for waht purpose was the CEDA set up
However, CEDA (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right) was formed to defend the church and landlords, led by Jose Maria Gil-Robles.
CEDA was modelled on the Nazi Party.
when was a second republic declared
april 1931, saw sweeping gains for republican and socialist parties
when was the left republic 1931-33
In elections, the centre-left won with Manuel Azana becoming President.
He limited power of church – church no longer in control of education - and state payment of the clergy to be stopped.
Power of army was attacked – reduced number of officers – which was to radicalise the army.
The impact of the Great Depression continued.
Agricultural prices tumbled, wine and olive exports fell and peasant unemployment rose.
Iron production fell by one third, steel fell by a half.
A land distribution programme was introduced but the government didn’t have the money to pay for it.
Only 7,000 families benefitted by 1933 BUT the right saw it as a major threat to its interests.
Civil unrest continued – with risings by both right and extreme left.
Catalonia was given its own parliament, which angered the right.
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
Government lost support from working class and Azana resigned.
who became president in 1931
manuel azana
what did manuel azana do as president
He limited power of church – church no longer in control of education - and state payment of the clergy to be stopped.
Power of army was attacked – reduced number of officers – which was to radicalise the army.
A land distribution programme was introduced but the government didn’t have the money to pay for it.
Only 7,000 families benefitted by 1933 BUT the right saw it as a major threat to its interests.
what happend in january 1933
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
when did the government lose support of the working class leading azana to resign
In January 1933, government guards set fire to houses in Casas Viejas in attempt to “smoke out” a group of anarchists – 25 people killed.
what happened during the left republic that angered the right
catalonia being given its own parliment
the right republic 1933-36
Elections of 1933, saw swing to the right.
Centre-right government ruled in the “black years”.
They embarked on systematically reversing the Left’s reforms – church and army in particular.
Miners uprising in Asturia was violently suppressed by the army, navy and air force – estimated 1,700 dead.
A (limited) General Strike was crushed by the Civil Guard.
Spain became more polarised.
Caballero (left wing leader) called CEDA “the Spanish Nazis” and said the left should seek a “Soviet-style” solution for Spain.
Gil-Robles (CEDA leader) demanded a more authoritarian approach to control the left.
the popular front feb-july 1936
Elections of February 1936 saw the “Popular Front” (anti-fascist pact of left wing including socialists and communists) win.
Azana returned to power but Cabellero’s socialists refused to join government.
Azana’s limited reform pleased nobody.
Anarchists encouraged peasant land seizures and recruited militia.
There was open conflict between anarchist FAI and CEDA and fascist Falange youth movements.
when did azana return to power
during the popular forn tin feb 1936
in what way did civil war commence
Military officers started planning coup as soon as Popular Front won elections.
13th July 1936, key CEDA politician Jose Calvo Sotelo was assassinated.
17th July 1936, General Emilio Mola ordered the coup.
The Spanish Civil War had begun.
when was jose calvo killed
13th july 1936
when did general emilio mola order a coup
17th july 1936
republicans in spain (who were they made up of)
Elements of military who stayed loyal to the government.
Communists and Socialists
POUM –The Workers Party of Marxist Unification.
CNT & FAI – anarchists and trade unions.
Catalan and Basque separatists.
International Brigades.
Received support from USSR – military equipment and advisors.
Monarchists, nationalists, fascists (Falange), conservatives, majority of Catholic church, most large landowners and businessmen and most of the army.
Received support from Germany and Italy – including 40,000 troops, 600 planes and 200 tanks.
Franco becomes leader in October 1936.
when did franco become leader
october 1936
what support did germany and italy recieve
40,000 troops, 600 planes and 200 tanks
