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IB History SL > causes and effects of 20th century wars: world war II in the pacific > Flashcards

causes and effects of 20th century wars: world war II in the pacific Flashcards

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1
Q

us and japanese relationship since 1919

A

japan felt mistreated at paris peace conference
us passed immigration act of 1924 that ended japanese migration to the us.
- “the japanese exclusion act”
- national humiliation

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2
Q

japan’s need for resources made it look towards…

A

manchuria, china and southeast asia

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3
Q

view of japan’s interest in manchuria, china and southesast asia

A

seen as a threat to the open door policy
manchurian crisis increased international tensions, but the us did not launch economic sanctions against japan.
the 1937 sino japanese war led the us to aid china but did not restrict trade to japan

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4
Q

what was the panay incident

A

in december 1937, japanese bombers sunk the USS panay and three tankers from the standard oil co, killing 2 and wounding 30 americans

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5
Q

american response to the panay incident (12th dec 1937)

A

us demanded an apology, payment, and a guarantee of no future transgressions.
roosevelt criticized for us ships being in a war zone, though no war had been declared nor was there any support for war.
anti japanese sentiments rose.

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6
Q

japanese response to the panay incident

A

bombing of civilian targets in china began the moral embargo

the us would ‘not look favorably’ on companies that sold planes used in civilian attacks

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7
Q

greater east asia co prosperity sphere

A

in july 1940, a new more militaristic government in japan moved to create a block off nations free from western influenece and under japanese control and ot provide living space and resources for japans growing population

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8
Q

how did usa retaliate to the greater east asis co prosperitu sphere

A

export control act of july 1940

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9
Q

what was the export control act of july 1940

A

us could stop the export of war materials.

trade agreements with japan were cancelled

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10
Q

aim of the greater east asia

A

after the fall of france and the netherlands, japan hoped to capitalize on weakened western colonial powers

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11
Q

what was the tri partite pact

A

september 1940, germany, italy and japan.

each nation would aid their allies in the event of war with the usa

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12
Q

russo-japanese non-aggression pact april 1941

A

neutrality if the other party went to war
freed japan to push into southeast asia
us expanded phillippine forces

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13
Q

response to japan invading french ijndochina ijn july 1941

A

us cut all oil, rubber and iron to july 1941
japan froze us assets in japan and trade ceased.
the us closed the panama canal to japanese shipping

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14
Q

japanese plans during the move to war

A

general hideki tojo became japans premier in october 1941
needing oil, japan planned to attack british malaya and dutch indonesia.
fearing attacks by the american and british navies, plans were made ot attack the american naval base at pearl harbour, hawaii.

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15
Q

when did ww2 negotations fail

A

when japan refused to exit china and the us refused to stop aiding the chinese

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16
Q

when was pearl harbiur

A

december 7th 1941

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17
Q

where else did japan attack when they attacked pearl harbour

A

british hong kong, singapore, malaya, guam, midway and the phillippines

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18
Q

impact of pearl harbour

A

us pacific fleet badly damaged, but aircraft carries were out to sea and the narrow channel of the harbour was not blocked.
us and uk declared war on japan on december 1941

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19
Q

major events of the us and the pacific war

A

naval battles
battle of the coral sea, may 1942
battle of midway, julie 1942

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20
Q

naval battles of the pacific war

A

1942 saw two major naval batttles that damaged the japanese fleet and gave the us an advantage in the pacific

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21
Q

battle of the coral sea, may 1942

A

first battle where the two navies never actually saw eachother
japan lost two carriers to one us carrier
japanese advance towards australia was stopped.

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22
Q

battle of midway, julie 1942

A

japan lost four carriers and half of its fleet. us lost one.

japan could not afford such naval losses.

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23
Q

what was island hopping

A

us strategy of moving from island to isalnd using each one as a base of operations to capture the next, moving closer for bombing operations over japan.

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24
Q

describe the ‘success’ of island hopping

A

with the capture of iwo jima and okinawa in 1945, the us could increase air raids on japan.
operation meetinghouse

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25
Q

operation meetinghouse

A

march 9th, 1945, over 80,000 perople died in an incendiary raid on tokyo
japan defeated in air and sea but refused an unconditional surrender

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26
Q

factors of trumans decision following the operation meetinghouse

A

aware that the ussr would declare war on japan on the 9th of august
military advisors warned that the us needed to invade japan to gain a surrender at the cost of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians

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27
Q

what were trumans options following operation meetinghouse

A 
invade japan (operation downfall)
negotiate a surrender
assume ussr's entry would lead to a surrender
demonstrate the bomb over tokyo bay
use the bomb to immediately end the war
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28
Q

what did the us issue in july 1945

A

the potsdam declaration,

japan to unconditionally surrender or face ‘prompt and utter destruction’

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29
Q

when was hiroshima bombed

A

august 6th, 1945

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30
Q

when was nagasaki bombed

A

august 9th 1945

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31
Q

when did japan surrender, ending the war in the pacific

A

august 14th 1945

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32
Q

who did japan support in ww1

A

allies

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33
Q

sino-japanese relations in ww1

A

japan turned its sights on china as other nations were engrossed in war
foreign minister takaaki exerted japanese influence over the shantung peninsula, and tsingtao, a former german base
he also forced china to accept most of the 21 deamnds in 1915, granting japan special priviliges
this japan made gains whilst europeans were distracted

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34
Q

league mandates for japan

A

gained some of germany’s pre war trading concessions in china
japan also recieved some german colonies as mandates from the league
japans efforts to get racial equality into the leagues covenant were quashed most vocally by australia
none of these concessions were near what japan wanted or expected

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35
Q

why was the washington naval conference held

A

to avoid a naval arms race in 1921

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36
Q

what did the nine power treaty gurantee

A

chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (neths, belg, port, china and 5 below)

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37
Q

what did the five power treaty see

A

limits on tonnage for

uk, us, japan, france and italy

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38
Q

describe japanese economy during ww1

A

trade significantly increased

imperalisim helped to boost access to raw materials and new markets

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39
Q

japanese economy following ww1

A

new competition when other nations demobolised

at the same time, china increased tariffs on japanese good to try and grow its economy

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40
Q

ultranationalism in japan in 1920s

A

growth in nationalism looking back to pre-meji japan and the era of the samurai
economic problems, particularly in countryside, fed the growth of extreme nationalism
linked in with this was a strong anti-western sentiment
after wall street crash, military leaders used this ultra nationalist ideology - urged renewed imperalism as the solution
felt japan was natural leader of far east
new emperor hirohito initally supported the westernized gov but nationlists generally supported the monarchy

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41
Q

deficit financing in japan

A

during great depression, japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military
created massive debt and huge armed forces

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42
Q

imperialism and failure of the league

A

invasion of manchuria in 1931
installation of puppet regime in 1932

lytton report condemned the occupation (partly) so japan withdrew from the league

amau doctrine stated china was in japans sphere of influence

america had significant asian empire via philippines and pacific outposts like guam and hawaii

america argued against imperialsim in china, advocating the open door policy

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43
Q

sino japanese war

A

with military in control, more concessions asked of china
in 1937, full scale war started and within two years, most of the key port cities were under japanese control
chinese nationalist leader chiang kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the communists to unite against the japanese
expensive and difficult war for japan, relied heavily on us for oil
also threatened western (us) interests in region

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44
Q

alliances in1940-41

A

tripartite pact of 1940 saw japan join non aggression pact with germany and italy
with defeat of france, the japanese looked to push south, following a south programme of strategic expansion
in april 1941, japan signed a non aggression pact witht he soviets
in a sense, japan had a free hand in south east asia

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45
Q

when was pearl harbor

A

7th december 1941

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46
Q

when did us declare war on japan

A

8th december 1941

47
Q

what did FDR launch in july 1941

A

a trade embargo that decimated japanese oil supplies after learning that the japanese were planning further expansion

48
Q

what did admiral yamamoto plan

A

a quick war was the only way to win

three pronged attack would take guam and wake, the phillippines, and then bomb the us fleet at pearl harbor

49
Q

main combatatants in ww2 in the pacific

A

british empire
china
usa

50
Q

allied forces in the pacific (british empire)

A

britain had numerous territories in the far east
in dec 1941, japan attacked hong kong, malaya, singapore and burma.
britain deployed hundreds of thousands of imperial forces in asia - from britain, australasia, india and east and west africa
always seems the british empire involvement ebbed away after the fall of singapore in feb 1942

51
Q

allied forces in the pacific (australia)

A

australia had already been involved before pearl harbour esp in meditteranean
conscription in jan 1940, forming the citizen military forces to protect austalia.
the 2nd australian imperial force (volunteers) sent troops overseas
after pearl harbour, australian eyes turned back home, 15,000 australians becoem POW’s after the fall of singapore
in feb 1942, darwin bombed by japanese - curtin calls for national mobilisation

52
Q

allied forces in the pacific (india)

A

indian armed forces the largest (2.5 million)
fought on all fronts
fought alongside british and australian forces in malaya, singapore and burma
80,000 captured after singapore surrendered
some argue churchill had a low opinion of indian army
indian servicemen often poorly equipped and trained

53
Q

allied forces in the pacific (china)

A

unlikely combination of nationalists and communists

fighting the japanese since the invasion of 1937

54
Q

allied forces in the pacific (usa)

A

started war poorly from pearl harbour

peacetime draft, had 2.2 million servicemen and women by dec 1941

55
Q

axies forces in the pacific (japan

A

already engaged in an extensive war in hcchina and occupying rench indo china by 1941
stretched lines with conscription and indoctrination central to keeping forces extensive
by dec 1941, some 3 million men had been militarily trained
however japanese manufcturing was much smaller than us potential
influence of army on decision making saw the majority of japaanese troops committed ot china throughout ww2

56
Q

japanese war plans

A

inital period of attack to extend defensive perimeter in the western pacific
then a move to a defensive posture against a mightier foe (us)
ultimately aim for a war of attrition and negotiated settlement

57
Q

british war plans

A

main military presence in east indies in singapore
british prioritised north african ops and british isles
british underestimated the japanese and left limited forces in far east, esp airpower
dreadful tactics saw the best position (singapore) surrendered by general percival in feb 1942

58
Q

japanese tactics in early ww2

A

close cooperation between army and navy
early adoption of aircraft carrieres, allowing for long range attacks (pearl harbour)
once pacific targets fell to japanese control, heavy defences erected. concrete pillboxes, tunnels, bunkers
yamamoto predicted a year of japanese ascendency
japanese defended to the death (part of the usas decision to use nuclear bombs)

59
Q

us strategy in early ww2

A

philippines crucial to japanese stragtegy but were poorly garrisoned
japanese pushed the us out of the phillippines by may 1942
distrust and dispute between the army and navy
pacific split into two theatres: central and southwest
island hopping

60
Q

central pacific theatre

A

under admiral chester nimitz (right, assumed overall control in 1943

61
Q

southwest pacific theatre

A

under general macarthur (left)

62
Q

island hopping

A

bypass heavily fortified islands and take smaller ones, build airstrips and then move on, cutting off the heavily fortified islands from the japanese home islands.

63
Q

when was the bataan death march

A

april 1942 following the capture of the philipines

64
Q

when was the capture of the phillippines

A

dec 1941 to may 1942

65
Q

summary of the bataan death march

A

immediately after pearl harbour, japan started attacking the philippines. douglas macarthur said he intended to oppose the japanese invasion with 130,000 troops. these troops were ill equipped and ill trained. the japanese quickly overcame them and and macarthur was forced to withdraw. poor planning meant that he left lots of resources at manilla bay, so when they withdrew the troops were struck with starvation and sickness. the Japanese were not prepared for this many POW’s and as they were all spread out, started marching them towards a POW camp, after executing up to 400 filippino officers. there were horrible conditions of being beaten for sport and unnecessary killing. at the san fernando railhead, they were packed into tiny prewar boxcars, and those who survived the suffocation and exhaustion travelled to a POW camp where 1000s died.

66
Q

who was douglas macarthur

A

supreme commander of allied forces in the pacific

67
Q

aftermath of the bataan death march

A

kept a secret for 2 years before details were released in the FDR administration to increase war efforts of a weary usa

68
Q

what happend to the japanese commander lieut. gen. homma masaharu

A

he was charged with responsibiliy for the bataan death mar ch and executed in april 1946

69
Q

why did britian (with investment from australia and new zealand) set up a naval base in singapore in 1923

A

in case a pacific war occured (the singapore strategy)

70
Q

why did japan want to capture this island city/naval base connected to malay

A

further access to the oil rich area of borneo and java in the dutch east indies, as well as the ability to create a defence border in the south to protect their growing empire up north around china.

71
Q

how did the fall of singapore occur

A

the japanese imperial army attacked on the same day as the attack on pearl harbour,a nd with the british and austrlian supporting fleet busy in north africa fighting the european war, they lost the battle sorely and surrendered. poorly planned defence and japan broke the british code to find out the weakness of singapores defence army

72
Q

consequences of the fall of singapore

A

imperial army outnumbered but won. Churchill called it the worst disaster and greatest capitulation in british history,

73
Q

why did japan want midway

A

to extend their defence perimeter

74
Q

summarise the battel of midway

A

the numerically inferior US force broke the japanse naval code and so the us prepared for an assult by moblizing about 115 land based aircraft and three aircraft carrier. one 3rd june started striking japans carrier force. japan was unable to match this air power and after heavy losses, abandoned efforts to land on midway. marked turning point of war

75
Q

when and where was the battle of guadalcanal

A

august 1942-feb 1943

solomon islands

76
Q

summarise the battle of guadalcanal FINISHHHHHHH

A

on july 6th 1942, japan moved a force unto guadalcanal and began constructing an airgield. the allies recognized that land based planes operating from this field would menace their bases nearby, and so immediate steps were taken to eject the japanese. on aug 7th, 6000 men of the us 1st marine division launched an amphibious assault on guadalcanal and florida island, surprising the 2000 defenders. strong attacks met with little resistance. airfield siezed. japan reacted tby striking at the allied naval forces supporting the operation. the japanese sunk many us cruisers.

77
Q

gender roles in japan

A

womanhood domestically aligned
outside of the house, men in control
Confucianism emphasised hierarchy and patriarchy
female subservience was considered the natural order

78
Q

japanese women in work before the war

A

60% employed in agriculture, mostly as housewives, and others in handicrafts and small scale commerce
of the 1.4 million in factories, around 400,000 were 12-20 year old indentured labourers.

79
Q

work of japanese women in the early years of the war

A 
seeing off soldiers
comforting the wounded
encouraging patriotic saving
opposing subversive ideas with lectures
running health programmes
80
Q

work of japanese women in the later years of the war

A

labour conscription not introduced
40% 15-24 (traditional pre marriage jobs)
weaving, textile and silk factories.
encouraged part time work
experience in larger numbers of working outside of the domestic sphere
japan then deferred 2 million men from military service to work at home rather than have women

81
Q

who were “comfort women”

A

like military brothels (existed since 1932)
poor women kidnapped and forced into these roles (then many became social outcasts and contracted STD’s)
japan did not offically acknowledge this unil 1993

82
Q

traditional roles of women in the usa pre war

A

victorian womanhood
domestic sohere
flappers of the 20s :)
depression of 30s :(

83
Q

give examples women in the armed forces in the usa

A

350,000 women in armed forces
WACs
WAVES
Womens airforce service pilots

84
Q

women in the factories in the usa during the war

A

310,000 in aircraft industry in 1943
rosie the rivter (feminised version)
more childcare provision enabling more work

85
Q

propoganda of working women usa

A

all white women (to appeal to doubtful white men in positions of power) playing tradiitonal female jobs anyway (like army teacher, x ray technician, secretary, testing walkie talkies, inspectors of army meat)

86
Q

women in britain before the war

A

British army all male
women as housewives
some women worked in factories in the textiles industry

87
Q

how many women were working in m utnitions factories by the time of armistice

A

950,000

88
Q

why were women working in factories called canaries

A

because the explosive tnt made their skin turn yellow

89
Q

how many bombs and shells were munition factories primarily employing women producing

A

80% of those used by the british army

90
Q

how much did womens employments rate increase by from 1914 to 1918

A

around 19%

91
Q

by 1918, 40% of women in the workforce were…

A

married. this differs to japan and usa where they preferred traditional unmarried single women to work

92
Q

give examples of female war organisations in britain

A

womens army auxilary corp
womens royal navy service
womens royal air force

93
Q

how many british women volunteered in various nursing services

A

80,000

94
Q

gender pay gap in world war 2 britain

A

women: 11 shillings (+3 pence after national campaign)
men: 26 shillings

95
Q

post war britian. men had anxiety about…

A

they thought employers would prefer to employ women who were cheaper, but employer were happy to employ returning soldiers

96
Q

why did young women in france want to contirbute to the war effort

A

an opportunity to leave their family in a very conservative society

97
Q

status of women in france in the early years of the war

A

women definitely second to men

women as domestic mothers/housewives or nurses/secretaries, in the male gaze their work is decided to be easier

98
Q

when did the work of french women during ww2 become apparent

A

1980s

99
Q

why drop the nuclear bomb on japan

A

war over in europe but not in japan

huge conventional bombing campaigns on japan and allied invasions had failed to dim japanese spirits

sense of honour and warrior code of japanese

end the war with a bomb rather than risk continued fighting over negotiations, unnecessary us deaths?

end the war quickly before ussr had a chance to invade japan

send a message of power from us to stalin

slaughter of POW’s by the japanese if invasion occurred

100
Q

who developed the nuclear bomb in the usa

A

the manhattan project

101
Q

trumans justification for dropping the bomb

A

“japan started it” mentality with pearl harbour
replaced 20,000 ordinary TNT bombs
claiming it wa japans fault for rejecting the potsdam ultimateum for unconditional surrender
centers it on scientific achievement
warning to rest of world

102
Q

non justification for dropping the bomb

A

attacking non combatants
affects a massive area
point was to send a message of power more than to decrease a potential death toll in invasion
had never been done before, poteintial for total destruction too great.
when theres outcome of 50,000 deaths, it should not be a trial to see how it works.

103
Q

main aims expressed by the usa in the potsdam declaration

A

demilitarise
deradicalise
surveillance
all through occupation and observance

104
Q

stages of the usa threat in the potsdam declaration

A

strict control over japan
progressive relaxation of restrictions and surveillance
removing all controls relying on an independently peacerful japan

105
Q

what did strict control over japan in the potsdam declaration entail

A

disarmament

no rights to land gained during ww1

106
Q

what did progressive relaxation of restrictions and surveillance in the potsdam declaration entail

A

inspections to prevent rearmament
encouragement of more democratic throught
removing ideas of war glory
economic controls to derail ideas of war
rooting out ultra nationalist societies
share in the world economy with respect to reparations

107
Q

who was douglas macarthur

A

supreme commander for the allied powers to oversee the occupation of japan

108
Q

what were macarthurs relisations

A

impossiible for foreigners to dictate changes to 80 million resentful people.
do not rid the sacred symbol of the emperor
keep the japanese cabinet

109
Q

what did macarthur promote in japan

A 
democracy
release of political prisoners
free democratic elections
the right of women to vote
growth of labour unions 
large landholdings broken up and education system reformed
110
Q

what did macarthur halt in japan

A

banned 200,000 military and civilian leaders from holding any public office, including the majority of existing diet members
the large industrial monopolies that had fueled the war effort were broken up
japanese religion shinto
wartime prime minister and other leaders were tried and hanged for war crimes

111
Q

when was the original meiji constitution

A

1889

112
Q

when was the revision of the meiji consitution

A

1947

113
Q

main features of the macarthur consitiution

A

cabinet and prime minister to the elected diet
guarantee of equal rights
right for workers to organize and to bargain and act collectively
no war clause
removal of emperor as source of authority but still retaining the position

IB History SL (14 decks)

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