authoritarian states Flashcards
Clark’s view on 1914 liberal Italy
lingua franca - growing national unity
national economy, roads, railways, institutions
“above all the state existed”
no agreement on basic idealogical educational social aims
Robson’s view on 1914 liberal italy
“guise for capitalist exploitation of the italian working class” - low wages and long hours
wealth spent on colonial ventures
weak and indecisive
no national spirit
graeme gill’s idea of an authoritarian dictatorship
secret police and repression
total politicisation of life and state
political controls over cultural and artistic life
static conservative ideaology
centralised economy
divided social structure/hierachy
leonard shaprio idea of an tolitarian dictatorship
single party states
dominant utopian ideaology
idolisation of one politicla figure
censorshipand propoganda to control (young) society
use of coercion and terror to ensure compliance
absolute state control and coordination of the economy
when did italy enter ww1
1915
when was the treaty of st germain that caused the mutilated victory in germany
1919
when was the bienno rosso
1919-1921
when did nationals sieze the port of fiume
1919
when was mussolini appointed pm
1922
when does mussolini set up a fascist state and end democracy
1926
when does mussolini set up a fascist state and end democracy
1926
when did italu become a unified state
1861
when was liberal italy
1870-1923
first king of italy
emmanuel II
weaknesses of liberal italy
political structure of new liberal state, trasformismo - corrupt
role of catholic hcurch and pope’s opposition to unification and political process
regional differences, economic and social poverty in south
land issues created by risorgimento and unification (terra irredenta), thwarted desire for empire and 1890s failure - abyssinia
what was terra irredenta
unredeemed land
land not included in the unification of italy process
italian speakers
led to nationalists being unhappy
called irredentists
describe italys desire for empire pre ww1
battle of adowa 1896 was humliating
libya 1911/12 italo-turkish war and then expensive to maintain
use of conscripts led to resentment
higher taxes
what was the pope’s view on italy following its unification
he instructed catholics not to participate in the new state (no voitng)
waht was the ppi
political party of the pope
what was trasformismo
the lack of party discipline leading politicians to fomr factions that made deals with eachother to alternate political control
how much of the populatuon could vote following the unification fo italy
2%
what political party was mussolini a part of originally
socialism
what does cassels say was the impact of socialism on the rise of fascism
not much effect
socialist party failed to provide a national organisation to take adv of the working class distress and spent time arguing within themselves
what does smith say was the impact of socialism on the rise of fascism
lacked leadership
violent and refused to collaborate
waitign for the bourgeois state and lost their revolutionary zeal
when was franz ferdinand assassinated
june 28th 1914
problems caused by the war
split between neutralists and interventionists and impacted politics
exp of fighting in the war for italy - failure and success
terra irredentta
econ and social hardship of soldiers and ? so liberalism struggling
politisication of italy, rise of socialism, leading to creation fo ppi and beginnings fo fascism
what was th psi
socialist party
italys performance in ww1
5mil conscripted
1917 battle of caporetto, defeat and gov blamed. low morale
oct 1918 battle of vittorio veneto, success against AH and italy saw this as v v successful despite AH having already surrended.
mutilated victory - treaty of st germain 1919
Hopes dashed – liberal politicians blamed for agreeing
* Italy received some land but not all
* Did not receive Dalmatia nor African colonies from the
losers (Germany) as others
* Fiume had not been promised by the secret Treaty of
London 1915 but in popular terms this port was expected.
* Led to D’Annunzio’s occupation of Fiume Sep 1919 – Dec
1920 – review what you know
* Irrendentists angry about terms of Treaty of St Germain
and proud of D’Annunzio – made Italian liberal politicians
look weak
econ and social hardships for italy following the war
Debt rose from 16b lire to 85b lire
* 1m wounded, 600,000 died
* Unemployment – returning soldiers
* Wages fell 25%
* bread riots 1917
* Massive inflation – destroyed savings
* Deepened north/south divisions
poltisiation of italy following ww1
1918 - full universal male suffrage – change to voting rights
* New political parties created – PPI, PSI
* Proportional representation in elections to parliament
* Elections in 1919 a key moment – p31 – was this a lost
chance for democracy?
* Rise of socialism – Bienno Rosso – the Two Red Years: see p
18/19 T&W and Hite and Hinton p30 – 31 – why was there
nota socialist revolution?
list the ways the economic condiitons of italy 1914-19 contirbtued to the emergence of authoriatrianism
nationalisation of all land
exploitation of working classes with debt, unemployment, drop in wages, NS divide
list the ways the political condiitons of italy 1914-19 contirbtued to the emergence of authoriatrianism
diagreeement between ppi and psi
giolitti failed to gain cooperation of both moderate catholic (?)
weak liberals ineffective
measures implemented by gov didnt satisfy and worried the elite
threat of socialist rev made many support fascism
no coherent socialist strategy
why was there not a socialist rev in early 1920s
harsher restrictions of banned strikes and increase in working hours
2 red years of strikes
underestimated workforce
government set up food committees
what other factors were present in italy in 19120s
religion/church - religious leadership interferring with political leadership
lack of socalist strategy
discontent (esp in working classes)
class divide
regional divide
lack of clear leadership
who supported the suffrage
socialists (this scared government and church)
give the actions of mussolini that led to fascism
march 1919 - fascio di combattimento set up by mussolini
april 1919 - mussolini’s il popolo d’italia
1920 summer - socalist threat (not to do with mussolini
1920 - mussolini shifts program to right to move away from socalist threat
1921 - mussolini refuses to join gov as junior partner
nov 1921 - mussolini forms national fascist party, which acknowledged the role of squads but recognised mussolini as the indespensible duce. must become more respectable to appeal to elites.
sept 1922 - mussolini announces his support for the monarchy
oct 1922 - mussolini invited to form a government
factors leading to rise of fascism in 1922
- Failure of Italian liberals (Risorgimento)
- Effects of war
- Post war economic crisis
- Mass demobilisation
- Post war effects frustrated nationalism
- Problems weren’t solved as no united parliament
- No political alliegance between war veterans and assorted middle class
- Italians that weren’t attached to liberalism or socialism comprised Fasism
=>rise of fascism from conservative and liberal compromise
impact of ww1 on right wing groups
groups like arditi formed
couldnt accept post war italy
icnreased support for right wing groups
who were the arditi and how did they organise themselves
a group of demobilised officers and troops who found it hard to accept post war italy. organised themselves in smaller groups. attatched socalists and trade unionists
describe the formation fothe fascio di combattimento
a combat or fighting group. groups like the arditi gathered together by mussolini
how well did the fascists do in the 1919 elections
not a single fascist candidate allowed (onyl about 4000 total)
was the march on rome a threat or announcement or action
liek an annoucnement or potential threat
deflation of lira
in 1920 the lira was worth only 1/3 of its 1913 value
FOR TO WHAT EXTENT DID ECONOMIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO RISE OF AUTHORITARIANISM IN ITALY
see essay planning in rise of fascism page
Clarke beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
mussolini got power by chance
Blinkhorn beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
formed a compromise with conservatives and liberals
caroccci beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
rejection of democracy and demand to restore old balance of power
tannenbaum beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
structured fascism had a tactical adv (north supported fascism and most attacked the liberals)
Kedward beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
willingness and enthusiasm of the italian people
abse beliefs of rise and takeover of fascism
fascism was an accident that relied on the attitude of the kinf at the time
why was there confusion around fascist idealogy
no clear or consistent idealogy
mussolini started on theleft and moved to the extreme right
action and mood not doctrine
no coherent and unified idealogical root for fascism
evidence that suggests there is a cohesive ideology by the 1930s
enciclopedia italania,
doctrine of fascism
fascist international
describe mussolini’s early views
originally involed with socalist party
attacked church
opposed miliatirsm and liberalism
supported international solidarity instead
ww1
extremely nationalist
expelled from and then renounced socialism
what were the fascists beliefs in 1919
national syndicasm - republican, vaguely socialist, anti clerical
technocratic fascism - accepting and wholeheartedly embracing the industrial rev and modernism
rural fascism - anti urban, anti modern and anti industrial
conservative fascism - favoruing tradition, monarchy and church
nationalist fascism - favouring authoritarian political system and an aggressive foreign policy
why did the more radical aspects of mussolini’s beliefs get dropped after 1919
the fascists did poorly in the 1919 election
what changes had been made to fascism in 1921
cut down number of oppositions: capitalism, monarchy, catholic church
what issues did mussolini have with fascism and the ras after 1921 and what de he do about it
mussolini didnt like how squadristi violence might upset the elites and unite anti fasicsts
he signed a peace deal with the moderate socalists and main trade orgainsation.
angered the ras
resigned from pnf
who were the squadrismo
focus on cult of fascist violence over political policies and programmes
describe generic fascism
a populist
desire to destroy current system
beleif in a strong leader
belief in positive values of vitalism and violence
- roger griffin and stanley payne
describe generic fascism
a populist
desire to destroy current system
beleif in a strong leader
belief in positive values of vitalism and violence
- roger griffin and stanley payne
roger eatwell however focussed on the negative and reactionary aspects of the mvoement
rejection of liberal 18thc englightenment
what was proto fascism
incubatory period of fascism
free market capitalism
worked alongside an italian desire to return to glory of ancient rome
why did army and police officers unite for mussolini
turning ablind eye as opposed to strong leadership
admired violent action
how did landowners unite for mussolini
made workers stop strking through volence
why did political elites support mussolini
wanted strong leadershipa fter not reciveing it from socialists
powernesses against bienno rosso
squadristi kept things going
rc church appeasing to them more
in june 1919 what did the fascists promise
a republic with universal male and femal suffrage
eight hour working dy and guranteed minimum wage
workers participation in the management of industry through natuonal councils of labour
common education for all
liberty of opinion and consceicne
abolition fo obligatory military service
heavy and prgressive tax on capital, confiscation of unproductive income
the nationalisation of all arms and munitions factories. confiscations of 85% of war profits
confiscation of all property belonging to religious organisations
a foreign policy of peaceful competitiona mong the civilised nations
what did fascism promise in november 1921
no specific commitment on political structure except one designed to ensure italys historic destiny
eight hour working day with exceptions for agricultural and industrial requirements
corporation to express national solidarity and increase production
schools to train the governing elite and to procide italus future soldiers with physcial andmoral training
citizens freedom limited int he interests of the nation
obligatory miliatry serice
taxes proportional to income, not confiscatory
nationalised firms privatised, encouragement for national wealth through indiviual initiative
government spending cuts
no ref to church property
complete unification for italy with a major rol einthe med
what groups was mussolini keen to control
- King
- Parliamentary process
- PSI
- Trade unions - workers
- Liberals
- Other nationalists/fascist party
- Ras
- Church/Pope
- Business/Industrialists/Elite
mussolini and the catholic hurch initally
increased clerical salaries
rel ed resinstated in schools
crucifix restored in schoolrooms and courts
he lateran pacts 1929
lateran treaty:
vatican city made sovereign stae
pope recogised rome as capital
church given 750 million lire + 1000 lire compensation for lnads lost at unification
church becomes largest holder of state bonds
concordat:
catholicism recognised as sole reliigon of state
state veto over major church appointments
re in secondary and elemenetary sschools
church marriages recognised by state
church control of divorce
state accepted catholic action
later relations of mussolini and the church
1931 quarrel over catholic action. pope condemns some of mussolinis actions as heretical
1931 pope issues a critical encyclical. comprimise reached
1938 church critical of anti semitism
what was the acerbo law
where if you gained over 25% of the votes, you would gain 2/3 of the seats
what were some of the ramping up and political strategies used to enforce fascism
mussolini threatened to dissolv eparliment if he was faced with opposition
censorship
bar on meetings by opposition parties
local/central gov appointd by officals
can bypass anything
matteoti murder
every appointment has to go through mussolini
banned contraception, votes for men over 21 and yu must support fascism or else you would have to use a different colour ballot (corruption)
mussolini international relations in move to global war
League of Nations; Corfu incident; Fiume; Libya;
Somaliland; relations with Britain and France to 1935? Abyssinia; relations with
Germany from 1935? Spain; Albania; Greece; North Africa; allied invasion 1943
what were the aims of foregin policy that related to fascist idealoody and aims
Restore Italy’s pride – Roman empire, terra irridenta
* Control Mediterranean Sea
* Create a nations of Fascists
* State before individual
attempts to gain fiume was
1919-20
when was the corfu incident
aug 1923
when do italy gain fiume
1924
what does italy gain in 1926 following talks with britain and france
somaliland and libya
when oes italy block takeover of austria
july 1934
when is the stresa front formed
april 1935 sith britian and francee
when do italian troops invade abyssinia
2nd oct 1935
hoore-laval scheme collapses
dec 1935
when did italy conquer abysinnia
may 1936
effect of gaining abyssinia
pleased italian nationalists
gained support of church
when does mussolni stop opposing hitler
july 1936
how many troops and how much money was spent on the spanish civil war
70,000 troops
10 billion lire
when was the rome berlin axis
oct 1936
when was the anti-comintern pact
dec 1937
when was the munich conference
sept 1938
when was the invasion of czechoslovakia
march 1939
april 1939
attempts to annex albania setback
1st sept 1939
hitler invades poland
due to weakness, mussolini does not join (he wanted 3 years to prepare)
when does italy join the invasion of poland
10th june 1940
when was mussolini overthrown
24th july 1943
when is mussolini arrested and hung
27th april 1945
when was anschulss
march 1938
when was invasion of sudetenland
sept 1938
when was the takeove rof the rest of czechoslovakia
march 1939
when was te invasion of poland
sept 1939
who ordered mussolini’s arrest
the king (difference between mussolini and hitler
what was the OND
opera nationale dopolavaro
organsied holiday trips
what was the l’inquadremento
party membership
what was the romanita movement
looking back at ancient rome as an example of what present rome should be like
organisation of the OND
huge agency providingg social activities, holidays, entertainment, sport and welfare. role extended during battle for thelira to help workers suffering wage reductions. firms developed their own onds.
when was the ond created
1925
aims of the ond
to replace and extend services previously provided by labour organisations
to provide compensation for low pay
to help production by developing healthier workers
to foster the image of caring employers
to gain popularity and support by being largely non ideological (geared to win support not covert italians to fascism)
operation fothe ond
subscription dues subsidised by the sttae and employers forced to contribute
activities offered included:
- libraries, films, radios
- travel agency
- mobile cineams, theatres and orchestras
- obligatory showing of gov controlled film company newsreels
- sport and summer camps
- welfare to families in distress
hwo many people joined th eond
3.8 million in 1939
40% industrial workforce
80% salaried emplotees
25% peasants
influence of the ond
main point of contact with industrial working class
diverted attention from econ and social problems
did not foster national community (class segregation which does not align with fascist ideas)
mass leisre organised by statae
fascist’s most popular institution nd survived the regimes collapse.
what was whittam’s view on the oind and fasict italy
that the ond was counter productive as “it enabled millions of italians to enjoy resources without the obligation of any full commitment to fascist ideals and practice”
how did fascism use ancient rome
name
many symbols
model of the leader “mussolini as new caesar”
inspiration for greater natinal pride
inspiration for foreign policy, esp a second empire
what did mussolin isay about ancient rome
“we dream of a Roman italy… much of the spirit of ancient rome is being born again in fascism”
which groups made up fascism
national syndicalists
right nationalists
moderate revisionists
hardliners
others
what changed in the fascist demographic from early to late 1920s
initally mostly small farmers. changed to being overwhelmingly middle class
tannenbaum and propaganda
the fasicst regime as “in some ways the reign of journalists”
approach to propaganda as “ameruterish”
newspapers
criticism silenced and everythign had to be inline with offical fascist views. mussolini more converend with content than ownership
radio
2 hours a day of offical broadcasts
italian audiances to films
mix of state produced documentaries, privately produced subsidised itlaian films and american improrts. newsreels. mandatory documentaries and newsreels played before themain film.
posters
most visual means of propaganda. many images of the duce. important as still considerable illeteracy
sports
encouraged as active participation and as a spectacle. used to help discipline, soclaise the people and secure their commitment to the regime. new stadiums to impress the masses. patriotism
slogans
mussolini is always right
duce, you are all of us.
(cult of duce)
how was mussolini portrayed
saviour of italy
send by god
supreme patirot
heir to caesar and augistus
all wise ruler
world statesman
paternal love for his people
man of acton
worked up to 20 hours a day
true man of the people
incorruptibke
how was mussolini’s portrayal projected
through the media, gov announcements, public buildings.
why cult of duce
to provide focal point for people to rally around
effects of the myth
helped with mass suport
mussolinis personal prestige sustained the regume and problems blamed onfascists not mussolini
what was the battle for births
an intentional movement that stressed the traditional role of women as housewives and mothers and caused a downturn in employment opportunities for women in order to create a huge army for italy
mussolini’s stance on women
“women must obey… in our state, she does not count”
“child bearing is women’s natural and fundamental mission in life. (womens owrk) distracts from reproduction, if it does not directly impede it, and foments independance and the accompanying physical-moral styles contrarty to giving birth”
“Evaluate the role of domestic economic policies on the mainteance of power in mussolini’s authoritarian state”
williamson
“Evaluate the role of domestic economic policies on the mainteance of power in mussolini’s authoritarian state” vadja
“Evaluate the role of domestic economic policies on the mainteance of power in mussolini’s authoritarian state” tannenbaum
“Evaluate the role of domestic economic policies on the mainteance of power in mussolini’s authoritarian state” robson
