auth states final essay plans

Question 1

economic conditions on the rise of power for nasser

Answer 1

Economic dependence on Britian allowed nasser to gain support through the growing discontent in the public and fueled anti colonial sentiments

Agricultural reform: land owners only allowed 200 feddans of land. This only redistributed about 15% of land under cultivation. Helped gain support from rural population.

• Harsh depression in 1930s = majority just above poverty line
• Average per capita income 1/10th that in GB
• Farmers and landless labourers far below that
• Fewer than 6% landowners owned 65% cultivatable land
• More than 77% (over 5s) were illiterate
• Life expectancy 36
• Rural poverty led to burgeoning urban slums * Few workers’ rights (unions run by the state) * Robert Stephens sees the rich-poor divide as akin to pre-Revolutionary France – the pashas disappointed – led to failure of Parliamentary democracy p 13The government were mainly drawn from high-ranking ‘pashas’ who seemed more set on maintaining power than economic reform
• Immediate postwar period see unemployment and a weak economy

Question 2

economic conditions on the rise of power for mussolini

Answer 2

War: wartime government shad [rinted money to pay for arms so inflation increased. By the end of 1920, the lira was worth only one sixth of its 1913 value.

Bienno Rosso: strikes, mass worker demonstrations and high unemployment. 1663 industrial strikes in 1919

Question 3

weaknesses of political systems for rise of power of nasser

Answer 3

7.Abdin Palace Coup or 4 Februrary incident

*2 prime ministers assassinated between 104- ad 1950. Minority governments. Hope returned 1950 with wafd party.
* In October 1951, PM Nahas Pasha ended the 1936 Treaty - GB proposed MEDO (a middle eastern NATO) instead, but Egypt rejected it * Egypt adopted a policy of non-cooperation with GB relating to the Canal Zone (labour, goods)
* In Ismailia GB troops fired on auxiliary police they suspected of supporting Suez liberation (41 killed and 71 wounded)
* This led to ‘Black Saturday’ (25 Jan. 1952) attacks and looting. King tried to appoint politicians – but couldn’t manage (not until Nasser)
* For Stephens ‘The King, the Wafd and the British who between the had ruled Egypt for the previous thirty years had now between them made Egypt ungovernable’ – the army now arose as the most powerful element in Egyptian politics. The British the target

Question 4

weaknesses of political systems for rise of power of nasser

Answer 4

1.Liberal italy: couldn’t build an empire so dissatisfaction from nationalists (who saw a growth in their party membership), loss of war increases this

2.Fiume crisis 1919

Fear of socialism:
Strikes, violence and food riots gave the impression of a society on the edge - land was occupied by soldiers, farms by farm workers and factories by workers, support for Socialism was growing which terrified middle classes

The 1919 and 1921 Elections: were a disaster for the Liberals and increased political instability - the Socialists and the Popolari became the main parties in the Chamber, and fiercely opposed each other

Question 5

impact of war on rise to power for nasser

Answer 5

WW2: increased nationalism, italy had attacked neutral egypt in 1940,

8.Arab Israeli War (impact of war)

Question 6

impact of war on rise to power for mussolini

Answer 6

Terra Irredenta: nationalists believed italy ought to have more of an empire, in austrio hungarian territories like trentino and trieste

1.5 million casulties in WW1
Humiliation from caperetto

3. economically
   * The rapid demobilisation of over 4 million troops resulted in unemployment figure of 2 million
   * Post-war inflation hit, and the lira lost half it’s value
   * Rising prices
   * Inflation wipes out the savings of the middle classes
   * Strikes in the North
   * 1920 occupation of factories by workers
   * Land on large estates forcibly occupied by returning soldiers
   Bad harvests of 1919 and 1920 lead to rise in Socialist support

Question 7

social division for rise to power of nasser

Answer 7

9.Free officers

1952 coup: toppling of King farouk by the free officers

Less division as most anti British, allowed military coup.

Question 8

social division for rise to power of mussolini

Answer 8

Workers discontent, support for socialists

Bitter returning soldiers

Inflation wipes out the savings of the middle classes

Question 9

use of legal methods for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 9

12.New constitiution 1956

10.Anglo Efyptian Policy

Nasser called for a national union, all the egyptain parties to come under the leadership of the RCC. Creating a one party state which would exclude all opposition groups (banned). Nasser embarked on a policy of political repression. Groups such as the communists and extreme nationalists, who were unwilling to cooperate with the new gov’s were to be suppressed.

Question 10

use of legal methods for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 10

acerbo law

if maintenance as well
kellogg briand pact
stresa front
closer relations with nazi germany

Question 11

charismatic leadership for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 11

As the Associated Press wrote in 1922, his “career has been distinguished by his virile and forceful traits of character, his magnetism and eloquence.”

Question 12

charismatic leadership for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 12

cult of mussolini
ADD PAGES 87,89
“I have not, in fact, been a dictator, because my power was no more than the will of the Italian people” 1944

Question 13

dissemination of propaganda for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 13

Control of radio, newspapers, censorship

Question 14

dissemination of propaganda for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 14

Control of radio, newspapers, censorship

Question 15

Nature, extent and treatment of opposition for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 15

11.Assassination attempt

• Nasser made a particular target of the Muslim Brotherhood.
• Initially, the Brotherhood had welcomed the Free Officers’ revolution since it expected that it would lead to the establishment of an Islamic republic.
• However, when Nasser made it clear that Egypt was to remain a secular state the Brotherhood quickly turned against him.
• he ordered it to be closed down in January 1954.
• In justification for such suppression Nasser pointed to the uncompromising opposition of the Muslim Brotherhood

Question 16

Nature, extent and treatment of opposition for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 16

Matteotti crisis
Aventine session
page 23 liberation rallies
pre page 39

Question 17

Successes and failures of foreign policy for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 17

10. ango egyptian treaty

Question 18

Successes and failures of foreign policy for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 18

corfu 1923

Question 19

Economic, cultural, social, political policies for consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 19

• John Hite and Chris Hinton (1998) argue that Mussolini had three main economic aims:
• To consolidate his political system (and authority)
• To move towards autarky (self-sufficiency)
• To provide a foundation for expansion (empire)
• BUT, he inherited:
• Few raw materials
• A North-South divide
• Low literacy
• Tradition of industrial-banking-state links

13.Phases of policies
D williamson, M.Vadja, Edward Tannenbaum, Mark Robson
Pg 29

Question 20

impact of policies on women and minorities in consolidation and maintenance of power for mussslini

Answer 20

In 1933: limit of 10% on state jobs for women
Measrues intensified from 1936 as methods below had limited impact:
propaganda, campaigns stressing importance of marriage
Financial rewards
Ceremonies and prizes
Pressyre and prohibition

Women excluded from certain jobs
In 1925, women granted vote in local elections, then they stopped local elections.
Battle for births: to increase italy’s population from 37 million in 1920 to 60 million by 1950.

Birth rates continued to decline
Popualtion rose 45 million in 1940.
Average age of marriage rose and marriage rate fell

Question 21

Economic, cultural, social, political policies for consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 21

complete

Question 22

impact of policies on women and minorities in consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 22

complete

Question 23

Authoritarian control and extent it was achieved in consolidation and maintenance of power for mussolini

Answer 23

Mussolini had to deal with church and monarchy

Pg 68 in fascist policies one note
Todd and Waller: “he was determined to enforce a dictatorship that would be independent of the ras. The authoritarian regime that mussolini presided over between 1925 and 1945 was thus a personal rather than a fascist party dictatorship.”

Romanita?

Question 24

Authoritarian control and extent it was achieved in consolidation and maintenance of power for nasser

Answer 24

6. egypt made a police state

Army * Secret police – Mukhabarat – 10,000 * Controlled trade unions * Government controlled media – TV, radio, by 1970 most urban homes - not all non-government newspapers closed down but secret police kept watch * Fedayeen – Egyptian civilian nationalists – supporters of Nasser * No protest - By 1960, 8,000 Islamists and 10,000 communists had been imprisoned along with hundreds of army officers. * Arab Socialist union (ASU) The new name given in 1962 to the National Union, the sole party allowed to function legally in Egypt. * Prison camps – state terror never on scale of China – 6 main camps – brutal – mostly communist and Islamic * Jews – not anti-semitic but anti-Zionist (creation of Israel depriving Arabs of land) – did put 500 in prison following 6 day war in 1967

How far did Nasser achieve a tolitarian state

Question 25

persuasion and coercion for rise of power of nasser

Answer 25

14.Pg 25 Nasser triumphant

Question 26

persuasion and coercion for rise to pwoer of mussolini

Answer 26

15.Mussolini and becoming PM pg 59 power in four days
Threat of coup Pg 58

Question 27

role of leaders for rise of power of nasser

Answer 27

Member of free officers, became their chairman, able to assert influence. Set up RCC on hearing that king about to arrest them – stated intention to create democracy

Excerpt from “Nasser” by Jean Lacouture, published by Secker & Warburg, uK, 1973, p. 78.” * “Egypt was a triptych of suffering, anger and humiliation. In the villages, the peasantry was being exploited unbearably. In the Canal Zone the guerrilla war against the British had assumed a ferocity very costly in human lives. In Cairo, the royal court pursued its depravity and intrigues to the point of nausea, and Egypt was about to vomit.”

Excerpt from “Egypt’s Liberation: The Philosophy of Revolution by G.A. Nasser”, quoted in “Nasser” by Anthony Nutting, published by Constable, London, uK, 1972, p. 51 * “If anyone had asked me in those days what I wanted most, I would have answered promptly – to hear an Egyptian speak fairly about another Egyptian.“

• June 1953, the RCC proclaimed that the monarchy was abolished and that Egypt was a republic.
• Neguib was declared to be president both of the Republic and the RCC, with Nasser named as vice-president.
• Neguib was the figurehead of the revolution but it was Nasser who directed it.
• Between 1952 and 1954, Nasser supported Neguib and declined to stand against him.
• Neguib, as an established elder officer with a proud Palestine War record, gave the new regime respectability, if not legitimacy.

Question 28

role of leaders for rise to power of mussolini

Answer 28

Giolitti (PM) included Fascist candidates in his list of government in 1921, making the Fascist party more respectable

Ras leader Balbo used 50,000 unemployed followers to occupy Ferrara and forced the council to set up schemes to give them work

Facist violence increased and squadristi esp in north. PM Facta did nothing to deal or negotaite with Mussolini or to end the violence

Question 29

idealogy of rise to power of nasser

Answer 29

1952 coup was a vague Egyptian nationalism. One of its first acts was land distribution

Mainly anti British
Anti Zionist

Question 30

idealogy of rise to pwoer of mussolini

Answer 30

• Abolishing the monarchy
• Confiscating wealth of Church
• Increasing peasant ownership
• Increasing tax on rich
  ….. very Socialist really
• Nationalist pride
• Strength
• Glory
• Family values
• Nationalism
• Anti socalism
• Strong, decisive leadership
• Answer to threat of Communism
  Fascism had become more conservative by 1921, opposing Communism and Socialism appealing to middle classes. Promoted family values and opposed divorce. (got church on its side).

Not a very clear ideology, Mussolini started on left and moved to extreme right. Action and mood, not doctrine. No coherent and unified ideological root for fascism (cohesive strategy by 1930s?)

Early view: against liberalism, socialism, democracy, econ conception of history, centrality of class war. For action, nation, authority and state. anti communist, anti socialist, state as an absolute.

“Mussolini was an extraordinary tactician, but his skill at monoeuvre was due in part to the absence of any ethical foundation or an overall political vision.” - A. de Grand, 1982

Question 31

use of force for rise of power of mussolni

Answer 31

4. Facist violence increased and squadristi esp in north.
   Mattotti (acerbo law)

Question 32

use of force for nasser rise to power

Answer 32

1952 23rd july coup
1954 coup

Question 33

use of propaganda for nasser rise to power

Answer 33

Secret society before coup so deliberately isn’t any pg 17 pamphlets

Question 34

use of propaganda for mussolini rise to power

Answer 34

Secret society before coup so deliberately isn’t any pg 17 pamphlets

Blackshirts
Popolari pg 44
Fasces as the logo.
Romanita
“Today in Italy is not the time for history; nothing is yet concluded. It is the time for myths.” 1922
Journalism, speech making
Pg 52
Mass rallies