condensed essay plans 20thc war Flashcards
short term causes of ww1
unrest in the balkans:
austria’s conflicting nation
bosnian crisis (1908)
balkan wars (1912-13)
assassination of franz ferdinand (1914)
long term causes of ww1
imperial rivalry
militarism
economic rivalry
alliances
long term cause of ww1: imperial rivalry
great powers of AH, britain, france, russia and germany
scramble for africa
moroccan crisis
france and britain rivalry in NA over nile
russia and britain war over the north western frontier of india
alsace lorraine 1871
german ambition to expand, increasing contact with ottoman empire, threatening british plans for the middle east.
long term cause of ww1: militarism
after 1870, almost all European powers increased their army size, detailed war plans and increased war sophistication
praise for military values
battleships and military parades
long term cause of ww1: econ rivalry
introduction of tarriffs
desire for econ gain
british desire to control SA
Boer war 1899
short term cause of ww1: austria’s conflicting nation
under habsburg emperor
lots of land lost during defeat by prussia in 1866
people became increasingly resentful so different nationalities too divided to form opposition
fear of russia demanding independence for these nationalities
short term cause of ww1: bosnian crisis 1908
austria had occupied B+H since 1878
in 1908, russia and austria agreed on their absorbtion into austria.
in return, austria was to support russian demand to mov warships through the turkish straits
austria only followed their side of the deal. when russia tried to support serbian protestors, germany backed austria, encouraging them and humiliating russia into stepping down
short term cause of ww1: balkan wars 1912-13
serbia was a threat to austria due to its expansion
in 1912, the balkan league aimed to drive the turks from europe.
the turkish empire distracted by internal revolution, and at war with italy over NA.
in oct 1912, the BL attacked the turks.
their rapid success made austria nervous.
treaty of london left some balkan states discontent.
bulgaria felt cheated, declares war and is defeated by serbia, greece, turkey and romania.
territorial changes: austria threatened by serbia
russia maintaining a good rel with serbia for balkan influence
serbia vs austria for creating albania
german support for austria.
technological developments of ww1 and ww2
aircraft
communications
new developments
aircraft in ww1
people were doubtful of new tech
back ground troops with artillery fire
aircraft in ww2
battle of coral sea, pearl harbour
used to drop bombs and view enemy and fleet carriers
200km proximity fire vs 20km for boats
hard to train senior staff
communications in ww1
trench runners
semaphore flags of 2 words a minute
some morse code
carrier pigeons (22,000 for british army)
communications in ww2
code and encrypted messages
navajo speakers worked with US marines - japan never cracked the code
in 1939 japan started using a machine code that changed regualarly which the US copied in 1940
new developments in tech in ww1
machine guns go from 600/min to 1200/min
tanks - first developed by british at the somme
submarines - u boats block enemies
without needing a huge submarine fleet
new developments in tech in ww2
nuclear bombs
aug 6th 1945: hiroshima
80,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications
aug 9th 1945: nagasaki
30,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications
ww1 at sea
sinking of luscitania in 1914 killing 128 american any germany
us instructs germany to restrict submarine warfare. but battle of jutland. then battle against the submarines.
in april 1918, a boat base at zeebrugge was blocked by britain. britain used their navy to maintain trade links with NA for war supplies and keepling link with france open and transport troops in the middle east.
naval warfare important but not conclusive/decisive
ww1 in air
in 1914, planes used only for reconnaissance and observation eg monitoring movements in the schliffen plan
used for bombing in 1914-15, eg germany dropping bomb on liege
attempts to shoot down enemy planes
indiviual dogfights
zeppelin raids
guns and bombs on planes eg RAF
back ground troops with artillery fire
view enemy operations
ww1 on land
different technology due to: (indus rev, modern sci, rev in transport, mass comms, patriotism)
-gas
-flamethrowers
-aricraft
-artillery
-machine guns
home effort (total war)
much more state control
involvement of women
human mobilization of ww1
total war on home front
women enter industry for first time in enginering, arms, manufacturing, and transport
-land army
-russian womens battalions
conscription
censorship
propaganda
film on battlefront
group enlisting
economic mobilization of ww1
orders of munitions
rationing
tax rise
naval blockades leading to food shortages
human mobilization of ww2
rationing
propaganda (b-hope, us-hollywood vision, r-trad patriotism and russian values and defeat, g- admission of failure at stalingrad)
film of war and talkies
hitler youth
civilians seen as youth
economic mobilization of ww2
growth of gov power:
-secret police
-strict censorship
-repression
-conscription
industry and state controls
-arms production and military supplies prioritised
-scarce gold reserves for war supplies not other imports
entry of usa gave allies large adv with resourves (1941)
german tiger tank superior to us sherman tank
-action taken to protect major cities
long term causes of ww2
ww1
league mandates
washington naval conference
1920s economics
ultra nationalism
ww2 long term cause: ww1
Japan supported the Allies in WW1
As other nations were more pressingly involved, Japan turned its sights on China
Foreign minister Kato Takaaki exerted Japanese influence over the Shantung Peninsula (and Tsingtao – a former German base)
He also forced China to accept most of the so-called 21 Demands in 1915- giving Japan special privileges in China
Thus, Japan made gains while the Europeans were distracted
ww2 long term cause: league mandates
Japan gained some of Germany’s pre-war trading concessions in China
Japan also received some German colonies as “mandates” from the League
Japan’s efforts to get racial equality into the League’s covenant were quashed (most vocally by Australia)
None of these concessions were near what Japan wanted/expected
ww2 long term cause: washington naval conference
Held to avoid a naval arms race in 1921
Nine Power Treaty guaranteed Chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (Neths, Belg, Port, China and 5 below)
Five Power Treaty saw limits on tonnage:
UK 558,950
US 525,850
Japan 301,320
France 221,170
Italy 182,800
This didn’t seem too much of an issue in 1921, but…
ww2 long term cause: 1920s economics
Japan had increased trade significantly during the war
Japanese imperialism had helped boost access to raw materials and new markets
But, when other nations demobilised, Japan faced renewed competition
At the same time China increased tariffs on Japanese goods to try and grow its economy
Thus, Japan’s economy was squeezed in the 1920s
ww2 long term cause: ultra nationalism
The 1920s saw a growth in nationalism looking back to pre-Meiji Japan and the era of the Samurai
Economic problems, particularly in the countryside, fed the growth of extreme nationalism
Linked in with this was a strong anti-western sentiment
After the Wall Street Crash, military leaders – using this ultra-nationalist ideology – urged renewed imperialism as the solution
One such group was the Kōdōhaor’Imperial Way’ Faction
They felt Japan was the natural leader of the Far East
New Emperor Showa (Hirohito) in 1926, initially supported the “westernized” government, though nationalists generally supported the monarchy
short term causes of ww2:
deficit financing
imperalism and failure of the league
sino-japanese war
alliances
pearl harbour
short term causes of ww2: deficit financing
During the Great Depression, Japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military
This created two things:
Massive debt
A huge armed forces
short term causes of ww2: imperialism and the failure of the league
Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and installation of a puppet regime in 1932
The Lytton Report condemned the occupation (at least partly), so Japan withdrew from the League
The Amau Doctrine then stated China was in Japan’s sphere of influence (like the Monroe Doctrine for the US in the Americas)
America had a significant Asian empire via the Philippines - as well as Pacific outposts like Guam and Hawaii (all dating back to 1898)
America had also argued against imperialism in China – advocating an “open door” policy
short term causes of ww2: the second sino japanese war
With the military in almost complete control, more concessions were asked of China
In 1937 a full-scale war started and within two years most of the key port cities were under Japanese control
Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the Communists to unite against the Japanese
This was an expensive and difficult war for Japan – they relied heavily on the US for oil
It also threatened western – especially US – interests in the region
short term causes of ww2: alliances
The Tripartite Pact of 1940 saw Japan join a non-aggression treaty with Germany and Italy
With the defeat of France, the Japanese looked to push south – following a “south programme” of strategic expansion
In April 1941, Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets
In a sense, Japan had a free hand in Southeast Asia