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IB History SL > condensed essay plans 20thc war > Flashcards

condensed essay plans 20thc war Flashcards

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1
Q

short term causes of ww1

A

unrest in the balkans:
austria’s conflicting nation
bosnian crisis (1908)
balkan wars (1912-13)

assassination of franz ferdinand (1914)

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2
Q

long term causes of ww1

A

imperial rivalry
militarism
economic rivalry
alliances

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3
Q

long term cause of ww1: imperial rivalry

A

great powers of AH, britain, france, russia and germany
scramble for africa
moroccan crisis
france and britain rivalry in NA over nile
russia and britain war over the north western frontier of india
alsace lorraine 1871
german ambition to expand, increasing contact with ottoman empire, threatening british plans for the middle east.

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4
Q

long term cause of ww1: militarism

A

after 1870, almost all European powers increased their army size, detailed war plans and increased war sophistication
praise for military values
battleships and military parades

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5
Q

long term cause of ww1: econ rivalry

A

introduction of tarriffs
desire for econ gain
british desire to control SA
Boer war 1899

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6
Q

short term cause of ww1: austria’s conflicting nation

A

under habsburg emperor
lots of land lost during defeat by prussia in 1866
people became increasingly resentful so different nationalities too divided to form opposition
fear of russia demanding independence for these nationalities

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7
Q

short term cause of ww1: bosnian crisis 1908

A

austria had occupied B+H since 1878
in 1908, russia and austria agreed on their absorbtion into austria.
in return, austria was to support russian demand to mov warships through the turkish straits
austria only followed their side of the deal. when russia tried to support serbian protestors, germany backed austria, encouraging them and humiliating russia into stepping down

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8
Q

short term cause of ww1: balkan wars 1912-13

A

serbia was a threat to austria due to its expansion
in 1912, the balkan league aimed to drive the turks from europe.
the turkish empire distracted by internal revolution, and at war with italy over NA.
in oct 1912, the BL attacked the turks.
their rapid success made austria nervous.
treaty of london left some balkan states discontent.
bulgaria felt cheated, declares war and is defeated by serbia, greece, turkey and romania.
territorial changes: austria threatened by serbia
russia maintaining a good rel with serbia for balkan influence
serbia vs austria for creating albania
german support for austria.

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9
Q

technological developments of ww1 and ww2

A

aircraft
communications
new developments

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10
Q

aircraft in ww1

A

people were doubtful of new tech
back ground troops with artillery fire

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11
Q

aircraft in ww2

A

battle of coral sea, pearl harbour
used to drop bombs and view enemy and fleet carriers
200km proximity fire vs 20km for boats
hard to train senior staff

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12
Q

communications in ww1

A

trench runners
semaphore flags of 2 words a minute
some morse code
carrier pigeons (22,000 for british army)

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13
Q

communications in ww2

A

code and encrypted messages
navajo speakers worked with US marines - japan never cracked the code
in 1939 japan started using a machine code that changed regualarly which the US copied in 1940

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14
Q

new developments in tech in ww1

A

machine guns go from 600/min to 1200/min
tanks - first developed by british at the somme
submarines - u boats block enemies
without needing a huge submarine fleet

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15
Q

new developments in tech in ww2

A

nuclear bombs
aug 6th 1945: hiroshima
80,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications
aug 9th 1945: nagasaki
30,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications

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16
Q

ww1 at sea

A

sinking of luscitania in 1914 killing 128 american any germany
us instructs germany to restrict submarine warfare. but battle of jutland. then battle against the submarines.
in april 1918, a boat base at zeebrugge was blocked by britain. britain used their navy to maintain trade links with NA for war supplies and keepling link with france open and transport troops in the middle east.
naval warfare important but not conclusive/decisive

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17
Q

ww1 in air

A

in 1914, planes used only for reconnaissance and observation eg monitoring movements in the schliffen plan
used for bombing in 1914-15, eg germany dropping bomb on liege
attempts to shoot down enemy planes
indiviual dogfights
zeppelin raids
guns and bombs on planes eg RAF
back ground troops with artillery fire
view enemy operations

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18
Q

ww1 on land

A

different technology due to: (indus rev, modern sci, rev in transport, mass comms, patriotism)
-gas
-flamethrowers
-aricraft
-artillery
-machine guns
home effort (total war)
much more state control
involvement of women

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19
Q

human mobilization of ww1

A

total war on home front
women enter industry for first time in enginering, arms, manufacturing, and transport
-land army
-russian womens battalions
conscription
censorship
propaganda
film on battlefront
group enlisting

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20
Q

economic mobilization of ww1

A

orders of munitions
rationing
tax rise
naval blockades leading to food shortages

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21
Q

human mobilization of ww2

A

rationing
propaganda (b-hope, us-hollywood vision, r-trad patriotism and russian values and defeat, g- admission of failure at stalingrad)
film of war and talkies
hitler youth
civilians seen as youth

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22
Q

economic mobilization of ww2

A

growth of gov power:
-secret police
-strict censorship
-repression
-conscription

industry and state controls
-arms production and military supplies prioritised
-scarce gold reserves for war supplies not other imports

entry of usa gave allies large adv with resourves (1941)
german tiger tank superior to us sherman tank
-action taken to protect major cities

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23
Q

long term causes of ww2

A

ww1
league mandates
washington naval conference
1920s economics
ultra nationalism

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24
Q

ww2 long term cause: ww1

A

Japan supported the Allies in WW1
As other nations were more pressingly involved, Japan turned its sights on China
Foreign minister Kato Takaaki exerted Japanese influence over the Shantung Peninsula (and Tsingtao – a former German base)
He also forced China to accept most of the so-called 21 Demands in 1915- giving Japan special privileges in China
Thus, Japan made gains while the Europeans were distracted

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25
Q

ww2 long term cause: league mandates

A

Japan gained some of Germany’s pre-war trading concessions in China
Japan also received some German colonies as “mandates” from the League
Japan’s efforts to get racial equality into the League’s covenant were quashed (most vocally by Australia)
None of these concessions were near what Japan wanted/expected

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26
Q

ww2 long term cause: washington naval conference

A

Held to avoid a naval arms race in 1921
Nine Power Treaty guaranteed Chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (Neths, Belg, Port, China and 5 below)
Five Power Treaty saw limits on tonnage:

UK 558,950
US 525,850
Japan 301,320
France 221,170
Italy 182,800

This didn’t seem too much of an issue in 1921, but…

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27
Q

ww2 long term cause: 1920s economics

A

Japan had increased trade significantly during the war
Japanese imperialism had helped boost access to raw materials and new markets
But, when other nations demobilised, Japan faced renewed competition
At the same time China increased tariffs on Japanese goods to try and grow its economy
Thus, Japan’s economy was squeezed in the 1920s

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28
Q

ww2 long term cause: ultra nationalism

A

The 1920s saw a growth in nationalism looking back to pre-Meiji Japan and the era of the Samurai
Economic problems, particularly in the countryside, fed the growth of extreme nationalism
Linked in with this was a strong anti-western sentiment
After the Wall Street Crash, military leaders – using this ultra-nationalist ideology – urged renewed imperialism as the solution
One such group was the Kōdōhaor’Imperial Way’ Faction
They felt Japan was the natural leader of the Far East
New Emperor Showa (Hirohito) in 1926, initially supported the “westernized” government, though nationalists generally supported the monarchy

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29
Q

short term causes of ww2:

A

deficit financing
imperalism and failure of the league
sino-japanese war
alliances
pearl harbour

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30
Q

short term causes of ww2: deficit financing

A

During the Great Depression, Japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military

This created two things:
Massive debt
A huge armed forces

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31
Q

short term causes of ww2: imperialism and the failure of the league

A

Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and installation of a puppet regime in 1932
The Lytton Report condemned the occupation (at least partly), so Japan withdrew from the League
The Amau Doctrine then stated China was in Japan’s sphere of influence (like the Monroe Doctrine for the US in the Americas)
America had a significant Asian empire via the Philippines - as well as Pacific outposts like Guam and Hawaii (all dating back to 1898)
America had also argued against imperialism in China – advocating an “open door” policy

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32
Q

short term causes of ww2: the second sino japanese war

A

With the military in almost complete control, more concessions were asked of China
In 1937 a full-scale war started and within two years most of the key port cities were under Japanese control
Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the Communists to unite against the Japanese
This was an expensive and difficult war for Japan – they relied heavily on the US for oil
It also threatened western – especially US – interests in the region

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33
Q

short term causes of ww2: alliances

A

The Tripartite Pact of 1940 saw Japan join a non-aggression treaty with Germany and Italy
With the defeat of France, the Japanese looked to push south – following a “south programme” of strategic expansion
In April 1941, Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets
In a sense, Japan had a free hand in Southeast Asia

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34
Q

short term causes of ww2: pearl harbour

A

Learning that the Japanese were planning further expansion, while negotiating with the US, FDR launched a trade embargo in July 1941 that decimated Japanese oil supplies
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto reckoned that a quick war with the US was the only one they could win
A three-pronged attack would take Guam and Wake, the Philippines, and then bomb the US fleet at Pearl Harbor
Huge but not decisive damage was done on 7 December 1941
On December 8, the US declared war on Japan - making the Asian wars part of the wider “world” war

35
Q

economic causes of ww1:

A

germany: desire for imperial expansion and economic growth
wanted new markets in eastern europe

russia & balkans: lenin views war as result of capitalism and imperialism

britain: france nearly at war over NA
russia rivals over north west frontier of india

36
Q

territorial causes of ww1:

A

austria: resisting any south slav threat to its balkan territories. invasion of serbia

germany: gain of alsace lorraine
want to expand into eastern europe

italy: gain italian speaking areas held by austria

japan: motives in china and acquisiton of german colonies in pacific

37
Q

political causes of ww1

A

germany: concern with rise of socalism
disrupting balance of power
international prestige

britian: political problems
wanted to look supportive in front of allies
desire for balance of power

france: increased nationalist policies
desired regain of alsace lorraine

austria: feared pol. effects if it did not fight strongly with serbia.

38
Q

economic cause of ww2:

A

1920s economics
deficit financing
imperalism and failure of the league

39
Q

political causes of ww2

A

washington naval conference
pearl harbour
failure of the LoN

40
Q

territorial causes of ww2

A

league mandates
sino japanese war
alliances

41
Q

economic cause of ww2: 1920s economics

A

Japan had increased trade significantly during the war
Japanese imperialism had helped boost access to raw materials and new markets
But, when other nations demobilised, Japan faced renewed competition
At the same time China increased tariffs on Japanese goods to try and grow its economy
Thus, Japan’s economy was squeezed in the 1920s

42
Q

economic cause of ww2: deficit financing

A

During the Great Depression, Japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military

This created two things:
Massive debt
A huge armed forces

43
Q

economic cause of ww2: imperialism

A

Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and installation of a puppet regime in 1932
The Lytton Report condemned the occupation (at least partly), so Japan withdrew from the League
The Amau Doctrine then stated China was in Japan’s sphere of influence (like the Monroe Doctrine for the US in the Americas)
America had a significant Asian empire via the Philippines - as well as Pacific outposts like Guam and Hawaii (all dating back to 1898)

44
Q

political cause of ww2: washington naval conference

A

Held to avoid a naval arms race in 1921
Nine Power Treaty guaranteed Chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (Neths, Belg, Port, China and 5 below)
Five Power Treaty saw limits on tonnage:

UK 558,950
US 525,850
Japan 301,320
France 221,170
Italy 182,800

This didn’t seem too much of an issue in 1921, but…

45
Q

political cause of ww2: pearl harbour

A

Learning that the Japanese were planning further expansion, while negotiating with the US, FDR launched a trade embargo in July 1941 that decimated Japanese oil supplies
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto reckoned that a quick war with the US was the only one they could win
A three-pronged attack would take Guam and Wake, the Philippines, and then bomb the US fleet at Pearl Harbor
Huge but not decisive damage was done on 7 December 1941
On December 8, the US declared war on Japan - making the Asian wars part of the wider “world” war

46
Q

territorial cause of ww2: failure of the LoN

A

open door policy
greater east asia co prosperity sphere
japan and china left to it

47
Q

territorial cause of ww2: sino japanese war

A

With the military in almost complete control, more concessions were asked of China
In 1937 a full-scale war started and within two years most of the key port cities were under Japanese control
Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the Communists to unite against the Japanese
This was an expensive and difficult war for Japan – they relied heavily on the US for oil
It also threatened western – especially US – interests in the region

48
Q

territorial cause of ww2: alliances

A

The Tripartite Pact of 1940 saw Japan join a non-aggression treaty with Germany and Italy
With the defeat of France, the Japanese looked to push south – following a “south programme” of strategic expansion
In April 1941, Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets
In a sense, Japan had a free hand in Southeast Asia

49
Q

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1

A

britain and belgium
usa
italy

50
Q

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: britian and belgium

A

treaty of london 1839
international recognition for newly formed state of belgium
so in 1914 britian declares war in defence of belgiums neutrality after germany refuses the ultimateium to retreat from belfium on the 3rd august 1914

51
Q

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: usa

A

luscitania
gives war supplies and horsepower to britian
british an american generals developed plan to invade europe through italy

52
Q

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: italy

A

“switches sides” in ww1 in 1915
hoping for national independence
friendly towards britsih so had a get out clause in agreeement with germany
britain offers them austrian land if they declare war on austria

53
Q

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1

A

successes
losses
other

54
Q

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: successes

A

poland (independence)
federation for southern slavs
turkey modernised
italy gained most land it had been promised
austria hungary independence

55
Q

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: losses

A

germany in tov
russia lost land and was isolated

56
Q

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: other

A

more womens voting rights
trade unions
league of nations
abdication of kaiser
russian rev

57
Q

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww2

A

chinese civil war & china regained manchuria
macarthur
potsdam declaration

58
Q

territorial changes: ww1

A

germany’s losses
independences
negotiated gains

59
Q

territorial changes: ww1: germanys losses

A

france regains alsace lorraine
polish independence

60
Q

territorial changes: ww1: independecnes

A

czech statae for southern slavs

61
Q

territorial changes: ww1: negotiated gains

A

italy gains most of the land it was promised
turkey becomes modernised

62
Q

territorial changes: ww2

A

japan returned to pre 1894 territory and stripped of pre war empire
independences
usa

63
Q

territorial changes: ww2: japan returned to pre 1894 territory and stripped of pre war empire

A

no korea
no taiwan
all islands lost that were gained through island hopping

64
Q

territorial changes: ww2: independences

A

india from gb
indonesia from the netherlands
philippines from the usa

65
Q

territorial changes: ww2: usa

A

trust territroy of the pacific islands in micronesia
guam a civil territory
lost philippines

66
Q

political repercussions: ww1

A

governments
peace treaties
other

67
Q

political reperucssions: ww1: government

A

british PM forced to resign in 1916
russian revolution
german kaiser abdication
instability of french 3rd republic

68
Q

political repurcussions: ww1: peace treaties

A

armistice of nov 1918
treaty of versailles

69
Q

poltical repercussions: ww1: other

A

anglo-japanese treaty
locarno pact 1925
kellogg briand pact 1928
international disarmament conference
little entente

70
Q

political repurcussions: ww2

A

potsdam declaration
macarthur and the meiji constitution
usa politics

71
Q

political repurcussions: ww2: usa politics

A

truman to mobilise –> significant inflation
divisions in democratic party –> southern conservatives blocked efforts to extend the new deal
numerous strikes for wage increases - truman alienated labour
popularity sank to 32% but truman could win over a conservative congress
huge upset victory in 1948

72
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1

A

change in ideas
organisations
after the war

73
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: change of ideas

A

women as housewives
some women in textiles industry
more women needed after conscription
nursing becomes more proffessionalised

74
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: organisations

A

WAAC
WRNS
WRAF

75
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: after

A

950,000 in munitions
women have lower wages but men are still preferably employed
40% of the female workforce are married

76
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2

A

japan
usa

77
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2: japan

A

female subservience
men in control
nursing/economising –> pre - marriage jobs, nurse corps to free up men
propoganda and geishas

78
Q

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2: usa

A

victorian womanhood
suffrage post ww1
depresssion lowered female workforce
WAC’s
WAVES
the riveter
propoganda

79
Q

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2

A

japan
usa

80
Q

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2: japan

A

sino - japanese war (much of army committed to another war)
open door polciy allowed japan to control china (greater east asia co prosperity sphere)
operation watchtower
washington conference limits

81
Q

washington naval treaty limits on tonnage

A

UK 558,950
US 525,850
Japan 301,320
France 221,170
Italy 182,800

82
Q

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2: usa

A

central japan - nimitz. southwest - macarthur
rest of europe uninterested in east asia so had the upper hand
usa island hopping made gaining territory and setting up naval bases and transportation hard

83
Q

operation watchtower

A

16,000 americans troops land at guadalcanal
airfield under american control
japanese could not be ‘removed’. 247/250 die rather tan surrender as POW’s.

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