the move to global war content Flashcards
when did japan get a navy
1868
what did the Li-Ito convention of 1885 prevent
warfare over china and japan both wanting to station troops in korea, especially after korean uprisings about this
when was the first sino-japanese war
1894-95
how did japan win the first sino-japanese war
modern armies and navies that inflicted defeats over the less advanced chinese forces (although numerically superior)
what treaty ended the first sino-japanese war
treaty of shimonoseki of APril 1895
what did the treaty of shimonoseki of APril 1895 entail
chinese recognition of korean independence
japan obtained multiple territories
sign a commercial treaty granting manufacturing rights to japan
what was the triple intervention
when france, germany and russia made japan give up the liaodung pensinsula in return for financial compensation
when was the russo-japanese war
1904-5
when ww2 began whose side was japan on
the triple entente because of the anglo-japanese treaty of 1902
main war aim of japan in ww2
take over german concessions in china.
which side of ww2 was china on
allies
what areas did japan take over in the short period of time when it joined ww2
shandung peninusula
kiaochow
caroline and marianne islands
what did the 21 demands/greivances consist of
demands that germanys concessions be transferred to japan. and for chinese recognition of japanese interest in regions including south manchuria. others demanded japanse influence over aspects of china’s political financial and military affairs, like china should accept japanese advisors.
what happened with the 21 demands
usa opposed them, as it also had interests, but japan only withdrew a few and then china signed.
what showed that japan was interested in expanding into the far east of russia
it was very slow to wirthdraw troops it had sent into russia to oppose the bolsheviks in the 1917 russian revolution.
why did japan feel like it had been unfairly treated
japan was allowed to keep the shandung peninsula and jiaozhou and of the pacific islands. but it had not been given outright ownership.
why did italy feel like it had been unfairly treated
italy had fought on the allies side. they felt that italys legitimate territorial demands had not been met despire british promises in 1915.
what was the result of italy and japan’s injustice
by 1939 japan and italy had become joined to germany through various treaties and agreements to become the axis powers, and to giht on the same side.
orgiins of japanese nationalism and militarism
determination to transform japan into a western-styled military power
Japanese belief in its destiny to lead the Asian sphere and become an imperial power
need for raw materials
discrimination at the hands of western powers.
when did the US arrive in tokyo harbour
1853
when was the meiji restoration
1868
what was the meiji restroation
a japanese emperor will be resorted to pre-emmenance over the government
impacts of the meiji restoration
reform based off western models
development of constitution with the emperor as commander in chief of the military
economic reforms pushing industrialization
education reforms
military reforms
what were the main wars triggering japan nationalism and imperialism
sino-japanese wars
russo-japanese wars
japan in ww1
japan frustrations at versailles
japan received german holdings in east asia
the conference does not accept the addition of a racial equality clause.
who led japan to a more internalist role
diplomat and later a foreign miniseter, shidehara kijuro
how did japan adopt a more internationalist role in the 1920’s
participant in the washington confrence of 1921-22
multilateral treaties
what were the multilateral treaties in japans internationalism
four power
nine power
five power naval treaty
problems on the horizon for japan in the 1920s
democratic gov is fragile. financial scandals lead to declining public support
fears of left wing radicalism and communism
conservative groups and the army questioned internationalism
the post war economy slumped, made worse with the 1929 depression.
chinese instability in the 1920s
following the fall of the Qing dynasty, china was divided up between various entities competing for power.
a rivalry between two main parties divided the nation. (Guomindang (GMD) and the communist party of china (CCP)
chinese instability emboldened japanese militarists and nationalists to expand in asia.
why does manchuria become so attractive to japan after 1929
resources
industrialisation
market due to lack of world trade due to wall street crash
huge unemployment so could provide jobs
space for overpopulation
now closer due to russo-japanese war
history there (1904-05)
what was the mukden incident
there was an explosion on the 18th sept 1931, and the Kwantung army blamed china, forcing them to retreat. the Kwantung army could then enter changchun.
what did the league of nations not do which was probably a mistake,
take action against japan when it walked out and didnt pay economic sanctions for manchuria.
why did the league of nations not do anything to punish japan
they had just has WW1 and did not want another war
the great depression had hit everyone and economic sanctions would similarly further this to everyone.
did not want to start a war
what did jiang jieshi do in response to china involving the league of nations over manchuria
nothing
“non-resistance, non comprimise, non-direct negotiation”
what did china do in response to jiang jieshi’s lack of action
boycott japanese products. japan lost 2/3 of its Chinese market. china continued to cede territory.
jieshi (further to treaty of tanggu) agreed to remove all troops from hebei province.
what was the treaty of tanggu (1933)
the acceptance by china that manchuria was under japanese control.
what did the japanese gov aim to do
“follow peaceful principles to maintain japan’s position in the NE of china”
who was the japense PM 1926-27
wakatsuki
explain what happened as a group of Kwantung army officers plotted to seize manchuria
PM wakatsuki was warned and informed the emperor who ordered general minami to restrain the KA. Minami sent an urgent letter to the commander of the KA which was intentionally held back by the general tasked with delivering it. the plan was executed before recieving the emperor’s commands to stop.
what did the japanese gov have to do in response to the Kwantung army’s actions
go along with it or else look like they had lost control of the army.
control of manchuria benefitted japans economy however
cost of maintaining a sizeable army on chinese mainland to some extent negated the benefits. taxation also rose in japan.
why was japan slightly responsible for maintaing asian peace
the asia monroe doctrine
what was signed between japan and germany in nov 1936
the anti comintern pact
what happens in 1932 when manchura came under japans control
it was renamed manchukuo
put under rule of Pu Yi.
give a summary of what happened in the fighting that broke out in jan 1932 between japan and china.
shanghai was heavily bombed by japan alongside many other chinese districts including the residental district of Chapei. with 1000s of casulties and refugees, this intensified chinese outrage and helped turn world opinion against japan. 4 divisins of japanese troops landed to assist the navy stationed in shanghai. after 6 weeks chinese forces were made to withdraw.
factors leading up to pearl harbour
tripartite pact
greater east-asia co-prosperity sphere
invasion of indochina
us negations
military goals
what was the tripartite pact
a pact with germany, italy and japan (the international outcasts)
aims of the tripartite pact
japan: to offput japan. deter soviet union. hoped that britians problems in europe would give it the free hadn in asia.
germany: japanese expansion could weaken the US and britain. wanted a link in (east) asia.
what was the invasion of indochina (and its importance in the lead up to pearl harbour)
in june 1940, a small japanese force enter and occupy the northern part of french indo-china partially through an agreement with Vichy france.
the US then imposed many economic sanctions that prevented japan from importing (oil, iron, machinery, all essential war and military items)
aim of the invasion of indochina
to stop nationalist chinese gov from importing fuel through the sino-indo-chinese railway
why didnt japan send in lots of troops in the invasion of indochina
to prevent war with US
waiting to gain knowledge on the Soviet Union’s intentions
what was the second united front
the formation of a joint alliance against the japanese between the communists and nationalists in china. the civil war was suspended to fight japan. this was done by Jiang who was kidnapped and forced to sinn.
why was the second united front bad news for japan
nationalists and communists were now both against japan so were a stronger force numerically
japan was underesourced and didnt want conflict. couldnt quickly win war so had to consolidate. tried to live off land with puppet governments.
the all lead to wang jingwei beocming “head of the new gov of china” and the division of china
why did america adopt isolationaism for so long
after ww1, america was keen to pursue its own interests
didnt want to get involved in disputes that didnt directly involve them
wall street crash and great depression furthered self crash
usa had trade and investments in japan it was keen not to jeopardize. usa had important ties with japan and not with china
stimson non recognition doctrine
why did america change from its policy of isolationism for so long
japans military and economic actions were becoming a problem for the usa
roosevelt paid less attention to neutrality acts
japan wanted to create a new order in east asia
if usa didnt help japan, soviets might increase their support for nationalists, increasing their influence on china
international context of japans tripartite pact and the pseeding up of japanese expansionist policies
what is fascism?
nationalism at exclusion of others
symbolism and rituals
authoritarian and works with traditional institutions like army and church
a behaviour more than a political ideology or system of government
insider vs outsider mentality. for insiders, a sense of unity and belonging. for outsiders, violence, exclusion and segregation
how did mussolini contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
his “nationalist fascism” or ultra nationalism
he favoured an aggressive foreign policy
people of italy magazine
campained for war and against peace
when greece didnt pay 50 million lire as compensation for murder of italian general, mussolini sent orders to invade corfu. they were forced to withdraw but greece had to pay the fine which caused mussolini’s popularity to increase.
recreation and glorification of ancient rome.
how did injustices done by italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
italy (a new country) was eager to join the scramble for africa
in 1885 colonised eritrea and italian somaliland, then in 1895 gained tigre. defeated by ethiopians but nationalists pressed for more aggressive imperial policies after libya ???
italy clearly dominated the adriatic after defeat of austria hungary
in september 1919 d’annunzio and forces took control of flume. eventually forced to move 15 months later but highly admired by mussolini.
how did injustices done to italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
after ww1, italy didnt gain back ALL of the land it was promised in the treaty of london.
“mutilated victory”
how did actions/events within italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
rise of nationalism in napoleonic wars
neighbouring territories gave rise to the idea that italy could not be “whole” until all and only italians lived together - supported by nationalists.
in 1910, ANI formed (very nationalist and imperialist)
tried to recreate the power of ancient rome
broke out of the triple alliance to check which side would further its personal gain. joined and fought with triple entente.
large group wrote “manifesto of faschist intellectuals”.
doctrine of faschism in 1933 under mussolinis name.
social darwinism.
faschist symbol mixed with national flag
infants to repeat prayer involving a wish for reserrecution of the old empire.
vital space - italy should be free to colonise and expand.
control of south eastern states helped secure italian dominance of meditteranean.
what caused the rise in german nationalism in 1933
sense of nationalism led to unification of the country
represssion/competition with austria fuelled nationalism and unification
franco-prussian wars because military success fuelled the nationalism
imperalistic expansion and ambitions (like italy except close to italy)
treaty of versailles (anger and resentment)
sense of being surroundered (outnumbered in war)
german austrian alliance over
1914 assassination of FF
similarities between germany and italy (nationalism)
both were recently unifed and desired a political force to bring them together
aggressively nationalistic
use of symbolism within propoganda
both walked out of league of nations
both were angry at treaty of versailles
living space
disnvtice exclusive clothing
exculsiveness of the mainland for those who were culturally that nationality
race theory/racial superiority
desire for respect in europe
authoritarian states
march on rome, march on berlin
regimes gained popularity through great depressin
inspried by french rev
utilise socalism for political gain
anti communist
give a difference between Germany and italy (nationalism)
mussolini seized power illegitimately
hitler was popularly elected and approved leader who was popular throughout.
describe the events in 1933, early consolidation of power
despite future plans for (military) expansion, hitler is peaceful as consolidating his position within germany
describe the events in 1933, disarmament conference and LON
the manchurian crisis caused the need for a meeting organised by the LON, to try and decrease the instability in the asian and pacific regions. germany was insisting on equality of treatment and refused to agree to international military limits.
describe the events in 1934, failed anschluss with austria
first recognisibly aggressive expansionist foreign policy action. ended with murder of austrian prime minister. alienated britain who had developed sympathy after treaty of versailles
describe the events in 1935, remilitarisation
hitler announces luftwaffe, further alienating briatin and italy, and that it was no longer following treaty of versailles.
britain, france and italy form stresa front to oppose further german expansion, but hitler began weakening it. britain impressed, france not, so france agrees a mutual assistance pact with soviet union, including a joint promise to protect czechoslovakia from german aggression.
britain disapproves, so signs anglo german naval treaty (to limit german naval expansion) which failed and only limited france more.
describe the events in 1936, re-occupation of the rhineland
economic sanctions against italy.
hitler supports mussolini
stresa front collapses.
mussolini encourages german rule over austria and any action they take against the LoN.
hitler enters the supposed to be de-military rhineland, despite being unready for war.
agreed that he would leave at any signs of allied opposition but there were none, and this strengthened his position.
describe the events in 1936, Spanish civil war and anti-comintern pact
hitler wanted mussolini’s alliance. both nations back nationalists in the spanish civil war. germany gain military exp and closer to italy.
rome-berlin axis confirms italys move away from britain and france.
anti-comintern (vs soviet union) pact between germany and japan and italy leads to them as the axis powers.
describe the events in 1936, the four year plan
germany had economic and political problems to be over come before war.
4 year plan designed to ready germany for war.
nazis divided on best war tactic. hitler wanted to be closer to britain and others wanted to be closer to italy and japan.
little chance of getting closer to britain so hitler followed other option.
what were mussolini’s priorities for italian foreign policy
national pride/prestige
consolidate power
improve post WW1 treaty
become major regional power
expand italian empire
export fascism
autarky
italy post-ww1
dissappointment over st germain (paris peace conference) and gains from austria-hungary
gained south tyrol, trentino and istria
missed out on fiume, dalmatia or wider colonial territories
libya 1923-28
mussolini moved to crush a revolt in the italian “colonies” in libya (cyrenaiea and tripolitania) which gradually escalated into a full scale war - these colonies had been gained from the ottomans in the italo-turkish war of 1911-12 but moved for independence in the wake of the first world war
corfu crisis 1923
italy had control of the dodecanese islands since 1912 (confirmed after treaty of lausanne)
in 1923 mussolini invaded the greek island of corfu following the death of an italian official but withdrew (after international condemnation) with financial compensation
fiume 1924
in the treaty of rapello 1920, italy and yugoslavia agreed to fiume statehood
in 1923 mussolini sent a military commander to the port city and the yugoslav government conceded control in the treaty of rome
what did mussolini pursue after corfu
diplomacy
what did mussolini sign in 1925
the locarno pact
whatwhen was the kellogg braind pact 1928 that agreed to outlaw war
1928
what did france form called the little entente
alliances with yugoslavia, czechoslovakia and romania, all surrounding italian countries
wwhat was alto adige
the large german speaking population in italy that germany had been talking about wanting to unite
what did mussolini sign in 1933
a non aggression pact with the ussr
who did mussolini prevent hitler from invading in 1934
austria
what did mussolini form in 1935
the stresa pact with gb and france
the four power pact 1933
a move to lessen the significance of smaller nations (and by extension the league)
italy, germany, gb and france,(though france didnt ratify)
seemed to give italy a leading role in world affairs
austria 1934
austrian nazis murdered chancellor dolfuss
mussolini moved troops to the border to deter german aggression
hitler did not send troops to austria
showed italian force would be used ot deter aggression on its borders
stresa pact 1935
nations worried about german aggressiona dn rearmament
gb, frnace and italy sign a seperate pact
showed italian resolution but the pact lacked teeth/clarity
however gb/france support might be useful going forward.
undermined by gb when they signed a naval pact with german later that year
fascism focussed on
focus on glory of war
focus on imperial expansion
move away from international cooperation and diplomacy
increased cooperation with germany
economy
the great depression
lack of overseas investment in italy
direct government control of industry increased
public works programmes
autarky
cost of war
who was dino grandi
1929-36
war monger, devout fascist, anti-league
who was count galezzo ciano
1936-40
initally pro german alliance, but grew increasingly wary
when was italian somaliland a protectoreate of africa
1888-1925
when was eritrea formally annexed
1890
describe italian presence in libya since 1912
rebellions/civil war
different sections subdued, and were unified and expanded 1934-35
abyssinia/ethiopia
imperial expansion from existing strongholds in eritrea and somaliland
revenge for historic defeat of italian empre in 1896
distract from internal problems
follow fascist ideals of war
felt confident that gb and france would not intervene (more bothered by germany)
after the 1928 treaty of friendship, what did italy draw up
annexation plans for the following year
what did italy formalise in 1932
a plan for war
who was haile selassie
emperor of ethopia
when was the italo-abyssinian war
october 1935 until may 1936
what was the italo-abysinnian war
league of nations sanctions
gb, usa, germany and others ingnored LON sanctions
strianed the stresa front
hoare-laval pac dec 1935
halie selassie flees to england
king victor emmanuel proclaimed emperor of ethiopia
italian east africa formed
what was the stresa front
gb, italy, france
war/occupation crimes in the italo-abyssinian war
use of mustard gas
bombing of red cross hospitals
execution of prisoners without trial
june 1936, mussolini orders that viceroy rodolfo graziani, should all rebels taken prisoner should be shot
in feb 1937, 1900 men, women and children murdered in only 3 days following a grenade attack
consequences of italo-abysinnian war
internal prestige
human cost
miltiary cost
occupation cost
reputational cost
end of gb-french alliance wit italy against germany
political divisions in italy due to ww1
one million dead
many felt that the gains were not worth the costs
who organised the fascist party
mussolini
ideology of fascism party
promotion of nationalism
dictatorship
glorification of war
anti communist
anti internationalist
why does fascism grow in italy
anger over war settlements
econ crisis and high unemployment
us restriction son immigrations
bolshevik revolution sleading to fears of communist expansion
support from catholic church
when was the march on rome
october 1922
march on rome
weak post war gov couldnt stop street violence
socialists and communists calls for general strike.
king sides with mussolini to avoid greater violence
consolidation of power in italy after mussolini sides with king
mussolini gets a vote of confidence
nationalist party joins fascists
acerbo law. party with most votes recieves 2/3 seats.
elections marred by political violence. fascists grow 60%
liberal political leader mudered for speaking against fasicm
mussolini proclaims himself head of gov
law on powers of head of gov law passed, making mussolini supreme executive poewr only to be removed by king
what does mussolini do when he gains power through the law of powers
political parties and trade unions banned
press controlled by gov
secret officals
death penalty expanded
mussolinis goals in eaerly 1920s
increase italy national pride
revise war settlements
dominate balkan region
dominated mediterranean
build an empire
spazio vitale ( living space
expansion in africa
mussolini waned to improve italy’s economy though..
through corporate state and drive toward autaurky.q
1923 corfu affair
italy invaded corfu after an italian offical was killed there. LON orders withdrawal,
1925 locarno treaty
confirmation of western european borders and brings powers together
1928 kellogg briand pact
essentially agreeing not to go to war to solve problems
mussolini military and empire buliding
supported independence in french morocco (so they can expand)
violent suppression of revolts in italian libya
despite disarmament agreements, promise of building a massive air force
economic depression of 1930s causes more aggression
factors making italy want to expand
fascism
economic crisis
how does mussolin ireact to german rearmament
stresa front (gb, france and italy)
called for maintenacnce of status quo in europe
why did mussolini invade ethiopia
expansion of italian empire
gain support
avenge 1890s defeat of italy
gain colonial troops
export markets for italian goods
stresa front offered protection from germany
demonstrate italian strength
in dec 1934, italian forces clashed with abyssinians in the disputed wal wal oasis. mussolini…
demanded an apology and compensation.
selassie called for league intervention
mussolini refuses and calls for conquest (war crimes). LON condemnded invasion, placing sanctions on italy.
abysinnia formally annexed in may 1936
results of invasion of abyssinia
few italian losses and large ethiopian losses
increased tensions with britain
costly war
guerrilla war
LON seems weak
what did mussolini see the spanish civil war as
an opportunity to expand italian influence
support fascists in spain against socialists and communists
gain naval bases in the western meditteranean
70,000 italian troops joined the war - mroe than anyone else
results of italian intervention in spanish civil war
high economic costs
depletion of arms leaving italy weaker moving forward
increased tensions with britain and france
new alliances
new alliances due to spanish civil war
october 1936, rome-berlin axis
nov 1937, anti-comintern pact with germany and japan
dec 1937, leaving the league
changes in italy and german relationship that commence the march to war
support of anshluss in 1938
support of german occupation of sudetenland
invasion of albania; union of nations
pact of steel in may 1939
not ready for war in sept 1939
when and why does italy join ww1
in case of being left behind by germany
germany already made tremendous gains
desire to be seen as great power
avoid a europe dominated by germany
hopes for territorial gains
territorial gains made by italy in ww2
invasions of egypt from libya
invasion of greece from albania
invasion of france through the alps
what was the change in the early 1930s
mussolini suspicious of hitler’s expansionist policies/rhetoric
alto adige in italy had a large german speaking population, which was the sort of thing hitler talked about uniting
signed a non aggression pact with the ussr in 1933
mussolini intervened to stop hitler invading austria in 1934
in 1935 he formed the stres a pact with gb and france, aimed at stopping german expansion
what happened at the 1932 disarmament conference
german delegates boycotted the conference
they wanted everyone to disarm or allow germany to rearm
france was unwilling to disarm with growing threat on border
france refused, so hitler pulls out of conference
what were hitler’s aims in 1933-34
aim to keep italy and gb on side and to isolate france
mein kampf let everyone know he intended to renew germany power
in oct 1933 he withdrew completely from the disarmament conference
in oct 1933 he takes germant out of LON
in jan 1934 he signed a non aggression pact with poland
he did ease tension with gb and france was isolated
what did hitler do in 1934-35
attempt anschluss after the assinsation of dollfuss
hitler offered support for austrian nazi party
made mussolini move 1000s of troops to the border because of this
introduce an airforce and conscription
stresa front
hitler wants both security and peace
result: france signs mutual assistance pact with ussr, gb more sympathetic and signs anglo german naval treaty. france isolated.
after the abysinnian crisis, mussolini got closer to hitler and gave..
the provisional nod to anschluss and remilitarization of the rhineland
when did hitler order the invasion of the rhineland
march 1936. he said withdraw if a response came, but none did and gb persuaded france to allow it
what happened during the spanish civil war of 1936
joined mussolini to help nationalists
new weapons
furthered bond with italy
when was the rome berlin axis
october 1936
when was the anti cominterm pact
november 1936
when was the hossbach memorandum
november 1936
what was the hossbach memorandum
hitler allegedly outlines his plans to invade eastern europe
encouraged by lord halifax’s visit in 1937
britian german relations
gb respected hitler for his country’s revival and stopping communism
he had huge politeness and formality to visitors, making him likeable.
many key gov figures hoped to get closer to germany
factors leading to german aggresssion
econ. problems made nations very self focussed
ww1 in people’s minds
britain and france demilitarizing
league of nations looks weak in face of japanese aggression
treaty of versailles already being challenged
when was germany’s non aggression pact with poland
jan 1934
impact of german polish non aggression pact
temporarily secured german eastern border
weakened france’s eastern european security
gave appearance that hitler could be worked with
what was the saar
a region that wasunder its own control for 15 years after the treaty of versailles, and then have a vote on whether they wanted ot be germany or france
90% chose germany
huge propoganda victory for hitler
how did hitler manage to remilitarize the rhineland
the world was distracted by the abyssinain crisis
justified through the french soviet mutual assiatance treaty and fear of encircelement
no opposition from western powers
what did hitler do in feb 1938 following the hossbach memorandum
names himself supreme commander of german army and sacks generals that oppose him
what is lebensraum
living space
when was the austro-german agreement on austrian sovreignty
1936
what happened when in 1938, karl schuschnigg meets with hitler over concern with austrian nazis led by arthur seyss-inquart
hitler demanded a huge increase in nazi power within austria.
plebiscite organised for 13th march 1938 on austrian sovreignty
on the 12th march hitler invades and anschluss is declared a day later after 99% vote in favour.
what were the resutls of the anschluss
emboldened hitler
mussolini acquesised, but this was not popular in italy
strengthend link betweeen mussolini and hitler.
led britian, france and ussr to become more fearful
hitler now more powerful, and closer to czechoslovakia
what was the sudetenland
an area of czechosolovakia with a large german speaking population (3.5 million)
benefits of the sudetenland to hitler or other invaders
mountainous area, offering czechoslovakia a line of defence.
rich with mineral resources and home to the bulk of czech industrial capacity
why did hitler specifically want the sudetenland
hitler believed eastern european slavs were inferior and beholden to the ussr
sudeten german party leader konrad heinlein called for self government (karlsbad programme)
what was the sudeten crissi
fearful of invasion, in may 1938, the czech gov started to mobilise
gb and france tried to talk hitler down, although he wasn’t actually doing anything.
in response, hitler grew more bellicose
on the 5th sept, edvard benes agreed to sudeten self government, but hitler told the austrian nazis to reject this.
what does neville chamberlain agree to onthe 15th sept
that the sudetenland should come under german control
what what does neville chamberlain tell hitler on the 22-23rd september
that france and the czechs had agreed to hitlers demands (sudetenland). hitler then demands more.
who aimed to play a key role in the munich crisis and why
mussolini
following chamberlains earlier failures he could come out as the peacemaker
the four power conference in munich agree or disagree to all of mussolinis (hitlers) demands
agree
who were not invited to the four power conference
benes and stalin
what does hitler agree to at the four power conference
not to invade the rest of czechoslovakia
results of munich crisis
germant get everything theyve asked for
czech sovreignty crushed, huge loss of land, industry and defensive capability
hungary and poland occupied other areas in the east, while hitler encouraged slovak independence
when do gb and france form a military alliance following the munich crisis
feb 1939
the end of czechoslovaki
in march 1939, hitler invades the entirity of czechslovakia
no reaction from gb or france
munich agreement in tatters
hitler annexes memel in lithuania the next week.
how much of czechoslovakia’s heavy industry was taken in the sudetenland
70%
1/3 of population
when did british appeasement policy change
after the liquidation of czechoslovakia
when was poland created
after the treaty of versailles
what motivated hitler to invade poland
the polish corridor divided germany,
what did hitler demand from poland after the occupation of czechslovakia
that danzing should be returned to germany. poland refuses
when was the pact of steel
22nd may 1939
germany and italy
britain and france offered a guarantee of secuirty to czechslovakia, and now offer it to
poland
when do germant end their non aggression pact iwth poland
after demanding danzing
what does hitler do with the ussr so that he can invade poland
they sign the molotov-ribbentrop pact/ nazi-soviet nona ggression pact
what did the nazi-soviet non aggression pact consist of
neutraility should the other party be at war
division of northern and eastern europe into soviet and german spheres
german benefits from the nazi-soviet non aggression pact consist of
avoid a two front war
clear the path to taking poland
access to soviet resources
soviet benefits to nazi-soviet non aggression pact consist of
stay out of wider european war to focus on japanese threat in east
hopes that germany and the west would weaken each other.
territorial gains and trade/credit from germany
when do poland and britian sign a full military alliance
25th august
what does mussolini do whilst hitler looks to invade poland after the poland and britian full military alliance
try to organise a conference to resole the crisis, but hitler unwilling to wait
what was the intial move in poland by germant on the 31st aug
germany claimed a radio station near the polish border, and was attacked by “polish forces”.
when do germany incade poland with the luftwaffe bombed warsaw and through a land invasion.
1st september 1939
waht was the rouse on the 31st aug
the attacking polish forces were german SS soldiers dressed as polish soldiers. they dressed criminals in polish uniforms to be left behind
how did chamberlain put himself in a bad position when dealing with hitler
wanted to be a peacemaker, and be in charge of negotiations, making him appear in favour of hitler(‘s demands)
the public felt bad for the czechs not hitler
even open critics had no alternatives to dealing with hitler.
briefly describe hitler and chamberlain’s 2nd meetings
1st, hitler got more and more unreasonable. wants a frontier. keeps upping demands.
overnight, chamberlain sends message saying how the demands were so unreasonable.
hitler finally agrees to memorandum.
chamberlain leaves but the memorandum does not achieve much.
what is it like when chamberlain returns from meetings with hitler
cabinet members question him
think the meetings were a waste.
hitler furious czechslovakia hadnt given in.
if czechslovakia and france go to war, britain may have to too.
hitler plans to invade
gb starts moblising and prepping for war
chamberlain sends one last desperate message.
only hitler’s inner circle really know whats going on- no one wants a war really.
british appeasement policy
public opinion did not want war
demands of hitelr were justified to some
support for appeasement across party lines
economic pressures from the great depression
british global commitments took resources from the continent
neville chamberlains influence
weakness of the league of nations
lacked the economic resources and credibility of the usa
many in the league thought the treaty of versailles should be revised.
weakness in the faeces of prior aggressive acts
countries driven by their own self interest rather than lofty league principles
united states isolationism
the us wanted to remain isolated from european political conflicts while maintaining trade relations
public was deeply against involvement in foreign wars
passage of neutrality acts made american involvement more difficult
the ussr’s perception of the western powers
saw them as more antagonistic to communism than fascism
not inviting stalin to the munich conference was seen as disrespectful and grew stalins distrust of western powers
why did the ussr want to work with hitler
could result in stalins foreign policy being met
how did germant rearmour
sympathy in britian towards reworking some tenants of the treaty of versailles.
anglo german naval agreement entered to avoid a costly arms race
what was the anglo german naval agreement
allowed hitelr to grow a navy 35% to the size of britain
what was the (reaction to) abyssinian crisis
public outrage and condemnation from the league
attempts to negotiate a solution failed
economic sanctions against italy
hitler’s remilitarization of the rhineland diverted attention back to europe.
no opposition from britian and france
which economic sanctions against italy were not followed in the abysinnian crisis
not all members followed through
suez canal not closed
usa increased exports to italy
responses to the spanish civil war by GB, france, ussr, italy, germany
all signed a non-intervention pledge (ussr, italy and germany later violated)
britian favoured the nationalists over the communist supported republicans
international responses to anschluss
british and france protests but no action
italy in support
league weak after the abysinnian crisis
britian felt the union was inevitable without force being used.
international responses to czechoslovakia
britian and france looked to avoid hitler’s taking of czechslovakia but only through negotiations
the munich conference and pact
after violating the pact, britian moved to a firmer stance against hitler with a promise of defense of poland
international resposnes to invasion of albania
condemnation and further proof to chamberlain that agreements with dictators could not be trusted
greek borders guaranteed by britian
response from britian to invasion of poland
issued an ultimateum calling on german withdrawal from poland. this was immediately rejected and war declared.
territorial control and the cold war (US)
us occupation of japan to 1952
us aid to japan
us bases in japan
south korea under us control
territorial control and the cold war (east asia)
disbanded japanese empire
taiwan and hainan to china
other japanese occupied china reverted to chinese control
gb recover hong kong
territorial control and the cold war (soviets)
north korea under soviet control
sakhalin and kunie to ussr
politics in the usa during end of ww2 - truman
Truman’s task to demobilise the USA – significant inflation
Faced divisions in the Democratic Party – southern conservatives, who blocked efforts to extend the New Deal
Numerous strikes for wage increases – Truman took a hard line, alienating labour
politics in the usa during end of ww2 - political elections
sept 1946, popularity sank to 32%
republicans gained control of the senate and the senate house following 1946 midterms
this actually enabled truman to win back many supporters as a president acting againt a conservative congress
splits over race
huge upset victory in 1948
what was the political state of europe following ww1
tension between western powers and newly communist soviet union
armistice predicated on the abdication of kaiser wilhelm II, establishment of a new democratic consitution (weimar republic)
dismemberment of german and austro hungairan empires
for austria hungary establishment of new western backed states
for germany, league of nations mandates allowed great powers to govern the former overseas german empire - many in overseas possessions disappointed by wilsonian comprimise
economic impacts of ww1 on europe
UK and France heavily impacted
Germany forced to pay enormous reparations, leads to Franco-Belgian invasion of the Ruhr in 1923 and hyperinflation
US sees significant upturn in industry and economy in 1920s after reconversion from WW1
US becomes major supplier of loans to recovering Germany (Dawes Plan 1924)
Soviet Union struggles due to ensuing Civil War and War Communism
economic impacts of ww2 on the pacific
Devastated economies of UK and France sped up decolonisation
US came out of the war with the strongest economy – boom decade 1950s
After occupation Japan underwent huge growth (the economic miracle)
Chinese economic struggles with continued warfare
