the move to global war content Flashcards
when did japan get a navy
1868
what did the Li-Ito convention of 1885 prevent
warfare over china and japan both wanting to station troops in korea, especially after korean uprisings about this
when was the first sino-japanese war
1894-95
how did japan win the first sino-japanese war
modern armies and navies that inflicted defeats over the less advanced chinese forces (although numerically superior)
what treaty ended the first sino-japanese war
treaty of shimonoseki of APril 1895
what did the treaty of shimonoseki of APril 1895 entail
chinese recognition of korean independence
japan obtained multiple territories
sign a commercial treaty granting manufacturing rights to japan
what was the triple intervention
when france, germany and russia made japan give up the liaodung pensinsula in return for financial compensation
when was the russo-japanese war
1904-5
when ww2 began whose side was japan on
the triple entente because of the anglo-japanese treaty of 1902
main war aim of japan in ww2
take over german concessions in china.
which side of ww2 was china on
allies
what areas did japan take over in the short period of time when it joined ww2
shandung peninusula
kiaochow
caroline and marianne islands
what did the 21 demands/greivances consist of
demands that germanys concessions be transferred to japan. and for chinese recognition of japanese interest in regions including south manchuria. others demanded japanse influence over aspects of china’s political financial and military affairs, like china should accept japanese advisors.
what happened with the 21 demands
usa opposed them, as it also had interests, but japan only withdrew a few and then china signed.
what showed that japan was interested in expanding into the far east of russia
it was very slow to wirthdraw troops it had sent into russia to oppose the bolsheviks in the 1917 russian revolution.
why did japan feel like it had been unfairly treated
japan was allowed to keep the shandung peninsula and jiaozhou and of the pacific islands. but it had not been given outright ownership.
why did italy feel like it had been unfairly treated
italy had fought on the allies side. they felt that italys legitimate territorial demands had not been met despire british promises in 1915.
what was the result of italy and japan’s injustice
by 1939 japan and italy had become joined to germany through various treaties and agreements to become the axis powers, and to giht on the same side.
orgiins of japanese nationalism and militarism
determination to transform japan into a western-styled military power
Japanese belief in its destiny to lead the Asian sphere and become an imperial power
need for raw materials
discrimination at the hands of western powers.
when did the US arrive in tokyo harbour
1853
when was the meiji restoration
1868
what was the meiji restroation
a japanese emperor will be resorted to pre-emmenance over the government
impacts of the meiji restoration
reform based off western models
development of constitution with the emperor as commander in chief of the military
economic reforms pushing industrialization
education reforms
military reforms
what were the main wars triggering japan nationalism and imperialism
sino-japanese wars
russo-japanese wars
japan in ww1
japan frustrations at versailles
japan received german holdings in east asia
the conference does not accept the addition of a racial equality clause.
who led japan to a more internalist role
diplomat and later a foreign miniseter, shidehara kijuro
how did japan adopt a more internationalist role in the 1920’s
participant in the washington confrence of 1921-22
multilateral treaties
what were the multilateral treaties in japans internationalism
four power
nine power
five power naval treaty
problems on the horizon for japan in the 1920s
democratic gov is fragile. financial scandals lead to declining public support
fears of left wing radicalism and communism
conservative groups and the army questioned internationalism
the post war economy slumped, made worse with the 1929 depression.
chinese instability in the 1920s
following the fall of the Qing dynasty, china was divided up between various entities competing for power.
a rivalry between two main parties divided the nation. (Guomindang (GMD) and the communist party of china (CCP)
chinese instability emboldened japanese militarists and nationalists to expand in asia.
why does manchuria become so attractive to japan after 1929
resources
industrialisation
market due to lack of world trade due to wall street crash
huge unemployment so could provide jobs
space for overpopulation
now closer due to russo-japanese war
history there (1904-05)
what was the mukden incident
there was an explosion on the 18th sept 1931, and the Kwantung army blamed china, forcing them to retreat. the Kwantung army could then enter changchun.
what did the league of nations not do which was probably a mistake,
take action against japan when it walked out and didnt pay economic sanctions for manchuria.
why did the league of nations not do anything to punish japan
they had just has WW1 and did not want another war
the great depression had hit everyone and economic sanctions would similarly further this to everyone.
did not want to start a war
what did jiang jieshi do in response to china involving the league of nations over manchuria
nothing
“non-resistance, non comprimise, non-direct negotiation”
what did china do in response to jiang jieshi’s lack of action
boycott japanese products. japan lost 2/3 of its Chinese market. china continued to cede territory.
jieshi (further to treaty of tanggu) agreed to remove all troops from hebei province.
what was the treaty of tanggu (1933)
the acceptance by china that manchuria was under japanese control.
what did the japanese gov aim to do
“follow peaceful principles to maintain japan’s position in the NE of china”
who was the japense PM 1926-27
wakatsuki
explain what happened as a group of Kwantung army officers plotted to seize manchuria
PM wakatsuki was warned and informed the emperor who ordered general minami to restrain the KA. Minami sent an urgent letter to the commander of the KA which was intentionally held back by the general tasked with delivering it. the plan was executed before recieving the emperor’s commands to stop.
what did the japanese gov have to do in response to the Kwantung army’s actions
go along with it or else look like they had lost control of the army.
control of manchuria benefitted japans economy however
cost of maintaining a sizeable army on chinese mainland to some extent negated the benefits. taxation also rose in japan.
why was japan slightly responsible for maintaing asian peace
the asia monroe doctrine
what was signed between japan and germany in nov 1936
the anti comintern pact
what happens in 1932 when manchura came under japans control
it was renamed manchukuo
put under rule of Pu Yi.
give a summary of what happened in the fighting that broke out in jan 1932 between japan and china.
shanghai was heavily bombed by japan alongside many other chinese districts including the residental district of Chapei. with 1000s of casulties and refugees, this intensified chinese outrage and helped turn world opinion against japan. 4 divisins of japanese troops landed to assist the navy stationed in shanghai. after 6 weeks chinese forces were made to withdraw.
factors leading up to pearl harbour
tripartite pact
greater east-asia co-prosperity sphere
invasion of indochina
us negations
military goals
what was the tripartite pact
a pact with germany, italy and japan (the international outcasts)
aims of the tripartite pact
japan: to offput japan. deter soviet union. hoped that britians problems in europe would give it the free hadn in asia.
germany: japanese expansion could weaken the US and britain. wanted a link in (east) asia.
what was the invasion of indochina (and its importance in the lead up to pearl harbour)
in june 1940, a small japanese force enter and occupy the northern part of french indo-china partially through an agreement with Vichy france.
the US then imposed many economic sanctions that prevented japan from importing (oil, iron, machinery, all essential war and military items)
aim of the invasion of indochina
to stop nationalist chinese gov from importing fuel through the sino-indo-chinese railway
why didnt japan send in lots of troops in the invasion of indochina
to prevent war with US
waiting to gain knowledge on the Soviet Union’s intentions
what was the second united front
the formation of a joint alliance against the japanese between the communists and nationalists in china. the civil war was suspended to fight japan. this was done by Jiang who was kidnapped and forced to sinn.
why was the second united front bad news for japan
nationalists and communists were now both against japan so were a stronger force numerically
japan was underesourced and didnt want conflict. couldnt quickly win war so had to consolidate. tried to live off land with puppet governments.
the all lead to wang jingwei beocming “head of the new gov of china” and the division of china
why did america adopt isolationaism for so long
after ww1, america was keen to pursue its own interests
didnt want to get involved in disputes that didnt directly involve them
wall street crash and great depression furthered self crash
usa had trade and investments in japan it was keen not to jeopardize. usa had important ties with japan and not with china
stimson non recognition doctrine
why did america change from its policy of isolationism for so long
japans military and economic actions were becoming a problem for the usa
roosevelt paid less attention to neutrality acts
japan wanted to create a new order in east asia
if usa didnt help japan, soviets might increase their support for nationalists, increasing their influence on china
international context of japans tripartite pact and the pseeding up of japanese expansionist policies
what is fascism?
nationalism at exclusion of others
symbolism and rituals
authoritarian and works with traditional institutions like army and church
a behaviour more than a political ideology or system of government
insider vs outsider mentality. for insiders, a sense of unity and belonging. for outsiders, violence, exclusion and segregation
how did mussolini contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
his “nationalist fascism” or ultra nationalism
he favoured an aggressive foreign policy
people of italy magazine
campained for war and against peace
when greece didnt pay 50 million lire as compensation for murder of italian general, mussolini sent orders to invade corfu. they were forced to withdraw but greece had to pay the fine which caused mussolini’s popularity to increase.
recreation and glorification of ancient rome.
how did injustices done by italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
italy (a new country) was eager to join the scramble for africa
in 1885 colonised eritrea and italian somaliland, then in 1895 gained tigre. defeated by ethiopians but nationalists pressed for more aggressive imperial policies after libya ???
italy clearly dominated the adriatic after defeat of austria hungary
in september 1919 d’annunzio and forces took control of flume. eventually forced to move 15 months later but highly admired by mussolini.
how did injustices done to italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
after ww1, italy didnt gain back ALL of the land it was promised in the treaty of london.
“mutilated victory”
how did actions/events within italy contribute to making nationalism so prevalent in italy in the 1930s
rise of nationalism in napoleonic wars
neighbouring territories gave rise to the idea that italy could not be “whole” until all and only italians lived together - supported by nationalists.
in 1910, ANI formed (very nationalist and imperialist)
tried to recreate the power of ancient rome
broke out of the triple alliance to check which side would further its personal gain. joined and fought with triple entente.
large group wrote “manifesto of faschist intellectuals”.
doctrine of faschism in 1933 under mussolinis name.
social darwinism.
faschist symbol mixed with national flag
infants to repeat prayer involving a wish for reserrecution of the old empire.
vital space - italy should be free to colonise and expand.
control of south eastern states helped secure italian dominance of meditteranean.
what caused the rise in german nationalism in 1933
sense of nationalism led to unification of the country
represssion/competition with austria fuelled nationalism and unification
franco-prussian wars because military success fuelled the nationalism
imperalistic expansion and ambitions (like italy except close to italy)
treaty of versailles (anger and resentment)
sense of being surroundered (outnumbered in war)
german austrian alliance over
1914 assassination of FF
similarities between germany and italy (nationalism)
both were recently unifed and desired a political force to bring them together
aggressively nationalistic
use of symbolism within propoganda
both walked out of league of nations
both were angry at treaty of versailles
living space
disnvtice exclusive clothing
exculsiveness of the mainland for those who were culturally that nationality
race theory/racial superiority
desire for respect in europe
authoritarian states
march on rome, march on berlin
regimes gained popularity through great depressin
inspried by french rev
utilise socalism for political gain
anti communist
give a difference between Germany and italy (nationalism)
mussolini seized power illegitimately
hitler was popularly elected and approved leader who was popular throughout.
describe the events in 1933, early consolidation of power
despite future plans for (military) expansion, hitler is peaceful as consolidating his position within germany
describe the events in 1933, disarmament conference and LON
the manchurian crisis caused the need for a meeting organised by the LON, to try and decrease the instability in the asian and pacific regions. germany was insisting on equality of treatment and refused to agree to international military limits.
describe the events in 1934, failed anschluss with austria
first recognisibly aggressive expansionist foreign policy action. ended with murder of austrian prime minister. alienated britain who had developed sympathy after treaty of versailles
describe the events in 1935, remilitarisation
hitler announces luftwaffe, further alienating briatin and italy, and that it was no longer following treaty of versailles.
britain, france and italy form stresa front to oppose further german expansion, but hitler began weakening it. britain impressed, france not, so france agrees a mutual assistance pact with soviet union, including a joint promise to protect czechoslovakia from german aggression.
britain disapproves, so signs anglo german naval treaty (to limit german naval expansion) which failed and only limited france more.
describe the events in 1936, re-occupation of the rhineland
economic sanctions against italy.
hitler supports mussolini
stresa front collapses.
mussolini encourages german rule over austria and any action they take against the LoN.
hitler enters the supposed to be de-military rhineland, despite being unready for war.
agreed that he would leave at any signs of allied opposition but there were none, and this strengthened his position.
describe the events in 1936, Spanish civil war and anti-comintern pact
hitler wanted mussolini’s alliance. both nations back nationalists in the spanish civil war. germany gain military exp and closer to italy.
rome-berlin axis confirms italys move away from britain and france.
anti-comintern (vs soviet union) pact between germany and japan and italy leads to them as the axis powers.
describe the events in 1936, the four year plan
germany had economic and political problems to be over come before war.
4 year plan designed to ready germany for war.
nazis divided on best war tactic. hitler wanted to be closer to britain and others wanted to be closer to italy and japan.
little chance of getting closer to britain so hitler followed other option.
what were mussolini’s priorities for italian foreign policy
national pride/prestige
consolidate power
improve post WW1 treaty
become major regional power
expand italian empire
export fascism
autarky
italy post-ww1
dissappointment over st germain (paris peace conference) and gains from austria-hungary
gained south tyrol, trentino and istria
missed out on fiume, dalmatia or wider colonial territories
libya 1923-28
mussolini moved to crush a revolt in the italian “colonies” in libya (cyrenaiea and tripolitania) which gradually escalated into a full scale war - these colonies had been gained from the ottomans in the italo-turkish war of 1911-12 but moved for independence in the wake of the first world war
corfu crisis 1923
italy had control of the dodecanese islands since 1912 (confirmed after treaty of lausanne)
in 1923 mussolini invaded the greek island of corfu following the death of an italian official but withdrew (after international condemnation) with financial compensation
fiume 1924
in the treaty of rapello 1920, italy and yugoslavia agreed to fiume statehood
in 1923 mussolini sent a military commander to the port city and the yugoslav government conceded control in the treaty of rome
what did mussolini pursue after corfu
diplomacy
what did mussolini sign in 1925
the locarno pact
whatwhen was the kellogg braind pact 1928 that agreed to outlaw war
1928
what did france form called the little entente
alliances with yugoslavia, czechoslovakia and romania, all surrounding italian countries
wwhat was alto adige
the large german speaking population in italy that germany had been talking about wanting to unite
what did mussolini sign in 1933
a non aggression pact with the ussr
