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DIT Recommended Course Order > Video 6 Brain Embryology > Flashcards

Video 6 Brain Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

In Which structures become the Prosencephalon ?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon.

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2
Q

In Which structure become the mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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3
Q

In Which structures become the Hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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4
Q

During week four of development the Rostro on the neurotube become to dilate in which structures?

A

1) Forebrain (Prosencephalon).
2) Midbrain (mesencephalon).
3) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon).

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5
Q

Where are originated the neural tube and neural crest cells?

A

Neural plate

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6
Q

In what structure developed the notochord in the adult?

A

Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of invertebral disc in adults.

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7
Q

In which structure becomes the telencephalon ?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

In which structure becomes the Diencephalon ?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and the optic nerves and tracts.

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9
Q

In which structure becomes the mesencephalon ?

A

Midbrain

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10
Q

In which structure becomes the Metencephalon ?

A

Cerebellum and pons

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11
Q

In which structure becomes the Myelencephalon ?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

What defects during embryology are characterized by a persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal?

A

Neural tube defects

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13
Q

At what week neuropores fail to fuse in the neural tube defects?

A

At 4th week

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14
Q

What the main risk factor in Neural tube defects?

A

Low folic acid levels intake before conception and during the pregnancy.

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15
Q

How is the Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the neural tube defects?

A

High levels of AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.

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16
Q

What is the confirmatory test after AFP?

A

Acethylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid should be high

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17
Q

What are the options about check the neural tube defects in uterus?

A

Sonogram (defect visually) and Quadruple screen.

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18
Q

How will you expect found the quadruple screen in a pregnant woman whose baby has Down syndrome?

A

Low levels of AFP for Down syndrome.

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19
Q

Which embryologic defects can increase the Alpha-fetoprotein levels?

A

Neural tube defect and Anterior abdominal wall defect.

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20
Q

If you do the quadruple screen and there is increases of AFP but you cannot see any neural tube defect or any abdominal wall defect on ultrasound, what do you next?

A

Amniocentesis looking for AFP in the amniotic fluid to confirm the defect

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21
Q

Which are the main types of neural tube defects?

A

Spinal bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele.

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22
Q

What neural tube defect is characterized by Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect?

A

Spina bifida occulta is a failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation. Usually seen at lower vertebral levels. Dura is intact. Normal AFP.

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23
Q

What is the neural tube defect characterized when the meninges herniate through bony defect?

A

Meningocele.

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24
Q

What is the neural tube defect characterized when the meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect?

A

Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele).

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25
Q

Anencephaly

A

Malformation of anterior neural tube produces no forebrain, open calvarium.

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26
Q

Which are the clinical findings of anencephaly?

A

High levels of AFP; polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain).

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27
Q

Which are the risk factors of associated with anencephaly?

A

Associated with maternal type 1 diabetes; Maternal folate supplementation decreases the risk.

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28
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate, usually occurs during weeks 5-6. May be related to mutations in sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.

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29
Q

Which are the clinical findings in the moderate and severe form of holoprosencephaly?

A

Moderate form has a cleft lip/palate, most severe form results in cyclopia.

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30
Q

Where we can see the holoprosencephaly?

A

1) Sonic hedgehog gene mutation.
2) Severe Fetal alcohol syndrome.
3) Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).

31
Q

What are the chiari malformations? And how many types exists?

A

Cerebellum herniated downward, through the foremen magnum, and there are 4 types.

32
Q

Which are the characteristics of the Chiari I malformation ?

A

It is the mildest form, only cerebellar tonsils herniate, and can lead to syringomyelia.
FA: cerebellar tonsil are ectopia >3-5 mm; congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with headaches and cerebellar symptoms.

33
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

It is the enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord, crossing anterior spinal commissural fibers are typically damaged first.

34
Q

At what level of the spinal is most common the syringomyelia presences?

A

Most common at C8-T1.

35
Q

Which are the clinical finding in syringomyelia?

A

Cape-like, bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities however touch sensation is preserved.

36
Q

Which pathology is associated with Chiari Malformations, trauma and tumors?

A

Syringomyelia

37
Q

Which are the characteristics of Chiari II malformation?

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through the foremen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus. Also is associated with thoracolumbar myelomeningocele (DIT), lumbosacral myelomeningocele (FA)

38
Q

Enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa). Cerebellar vermis fails to develop. Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida. All these characteristics belong to

A

Dandy-Walker syndrome.

39
Q

From which germ layer comes the arch, cleft and pouch of the branchial apparatus?

A

Arch (mesoderm), cleft (ectoderm) and pouch (endoderm).

40
Q

From which branchial cleft derivates the external auditory meatus?

A

First cleft

41
Q

From which branchial cleft derivates the temporary cervical sinuses?

A

2nd, 3rd and 4th branchial cleft

42
Q

From which branchial pouch derivates the middle ear cavity, Eustachian tubes and mastoid air cells?

A

First pouch

43
Q

From which branchial pouch derivates the epithelial lining of tonsils?

A

Second

44
Q

From which branchial pouch derivates the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus?

A

Third

45
Q

From which branchial pouch derivates the superior parathyroid?

A

4th

46
Q

Which branchial pouch are involved in DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Abnormal development of 3rd and 4th pouches, absent thymus, absent parathyroid glands, immunodeficiency and hypocalcemia.

47
Q

Thymic aplasia, T cells deficiency and Hypocalcemia.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

48
Q

Arch 1 M&T: Cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage, Mandible, Mandibular ligament, Malleus.

Treacher Collins Syndrome.

49
Q

Arch 1 M&T: Muscle

A

Muscles of Mastication: Masseter, Medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and Temporalis.
Mylohyoid, Tensor Tympani, Tensor veli palatini and Ant. 2/3 of Tongue.

50
Q

Arch 1 M&T: Nerve

A

Mandibular and Maxillary branches of Trigeminal.

51
Q

Arch 2 “S”: Cartilage

A

Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohyoid ligament, leSSer horn of the hyoid.

52
Q

Arch 2 “S”: Muscle

A

Muscle of facial expressions, Stapedius, Stylohyoid.

53
Q

Arch 2 “S”: Nerve

A

Cranial Nerve Seven

54
Q

Arch 3 “Pharynx”: Cartilage

A

PHARYNGOcutaneous fistula.

55
Q

Arch 3 “Pharynx”: muscle

A

styloPHARYNGEUS

56
Q

Arch 3 “Pharynx”: nerve

A

glossyPHARYNGEAL.

57
Q

Arch 4 & 6 “Cricoid, Thyroid, Larynx”: cartilage

A

THYROID cartilage and CRICOID cartilage.

58
Q

Arch 4 & 6 “Cricoid, Thyroid, Larynx”: muscle

A

Muscle of LARYNX except CRICOTHYROID.

59
Q

Arch 4 & 6 “Cricoid, Thyroid, Larynx”: nerve

A

LARYNGEAL branches of vagus, superior LARYNGEAL branch (swallowing) and Recurrent LARYNGEAL branch (speaking).

60
Q

Which arch of the bronchial apparatus is not development?

A

5

61
Q

What is the differences between Branchial cleft cyst (BCC) and Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC)?

A

Location: BCC: Lateral neck and TDC: Midline.
Swallowing: BCC: Doesn’t move TDC: Moves

62
Q

What abnormalities are often found with a Chiari malformation?

A

Chiari I malformation: Syringomyelia.

Chiari II malformation: Myelomeningocele, Hydrocephly.

63
Q

What are the classic presenting symptoms of a syringomyelia?

A

Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities.
Severe syringomyelia affec the motor neurons develops weakness in the hand muscle.

64
Q

What amniotic fluid lab abnormality might point you to a diagnosis of anencephaly?

A

High levels of alpha- fetoprotein (AFP)

65
Q

From which branchial pouch are each of the following structures derived: 1)Middle ear and Eustachian tubes, 2) Superior parathyroids, 3) Inferior parathyroid 4)Epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil 5) Thymus

A

1) 1st
2) 4th
3) 3rd
4) 2nd
5) 3rd

66
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the alar plate?

A

Sensory neurons.

67
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the basal plate?

A

Motor neurons.

68
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles.

69
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, optic nerves, and third ventricle.

70
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain and aqueduct.

71
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum, and superior fourth ventricle.

72
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Myelencephalon?

A

Medulla and inferior fourth ventricle.

73
Q

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the neural crest cells?

A

Peripheral sensory and autonomic nerves and sensory ganglia.

74
Q

What is the level of the conus medullaris in newborn and in adult?

A

L2 or L3 (newborn), L1(adult).

DIT Recommended Course Order (21 decks)

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