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DIT Recommended Course Order > Video 24 Ear > Flashcards

Video 24 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures includes the external ear?

A

Pinna and external auditory meatus.

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2
Q

Vibrations of the ossicles are transferred thru, what structure?

A

Oval Window and into the inner ear.

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3
Q

Where is located the middle ear?

A

Temporal bone.

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4
Q

Which structures connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

A

3 ossicles

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5
Q

Which structures does amlplfy the vibrations?

A

3 ossicles.

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6
Q

Which of the 3 ossicles are inserted in the tympanic membrane ?

A

Malleus

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7
Q

Which structure is inserted into the membrane of the oval window?

A

Stapes

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8
Q

Which of skeletal muscle are contracted to prevent damage to the inner ear when is exposed to loud sounds ?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius.

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9
Q

Which structure connect the middle-ear cavity communicates with nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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10
Q

Which are the functions of Eustachian tube?

A

Allow air pressure to be equalized in both sides of the tympanic membrane.

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11
Q

Labyrinth (Osseous and membraneous) of interconnected sacs (utricle and saccule) and channels (semicircular ducts and the cochlear duct), the past structures belong :

A

Inner ear

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12
Q

Which structures respond to airbond vibrations or movements of the head?

A

Patches of receptor or hair cells.

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13
Q

Which structures are filled with endolymph?

A
  • Cochlear duct.

- sacs and channels of the vestibular labyrinth

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14
Q

What type of hearing loss is the otosclerosis?

A

Middle-ear disease as otosclerosis or otitis media result in a CONDUCTIVE hearing loss because of a reduction in amplification provided by the ossicles.

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15
Q

Which is the acoustic characteristic from Bell palsy?

A

Hyperacusis, an increased sensitivity to loud sounds.

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16
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Presbycusis is the loss of hear as a result from loss of hair cells at the base of the cochlea.

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17
Q

Which structure is the auditory receptor of the inner ear?

A

Cochlear duct

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18
Q

How many turns coils the cochlear duct have?

A

2 and a quarter turns within the bony cochlea.

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19
Q

What is the contain of the cochlea duct?

A

The cochlear duct contains hair cells situated on an enlogated, highly flexible, basil a membrane.

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20
Q

Which frequency cause maximum displacement of the basilar membrane and stimulation of hair cells at the base of the cochlea?

A

High-frequency.

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21
Q

What does the frequency that stimulate hair cells at the apex of the cochlea?

A

Low-frequency

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22
Q

Which are the 3 components of the each ear?

A

1) External ear (air-filled space).
2) Middle ear (air-filled space).
3) Inner ear (fluid-filled space).

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23
Q

Which structure is innervate by Spiral Ganglion?

A

The spiral ganglion contains cell bodies whose peripheral axons innervate auditory hair cells of the organ of corti.

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve innervate the cochlear?

A

CN VIII, vesitubulocochlear. The central axons from these bipolar cells form the cochlear part of the eighth cranial nerve.

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25
Q

All the axons in the cochlear part of the eighth nerve enter the _________ _________ and synapse in the __________ and Dorsal cochlear nuclei.

A

Pontomedullary Junction, Ventral.

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26
Q

Where are located the axons that innervate the superior Olivary nuclei in the Pons?

A

Axons of cells in the central cochlear nuclei bilaterally.

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27
Q

What is the structure that receive binaural input and use it to localize sound sources?

A

The superior Olivary nuclei are the first auditory nuclei to receive binaural input.

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28
Q

Which is the structure that carries the auditory input from the cochlear nuclei and the superior Olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

The lateral Lemniscus.

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29
Q

How is the input in the ear, lateral o contralateral?

A

Each lateral Lemniscus carries information derived from both ears; However, input from the contralateral ear predominates.

30
Q

Air conduction > bone conduction

A

Sensorineural hearing loss.

31
Q

Bone conduction > air conduction.

A

Conductive hearing loss.

32
Q

Which structure sends auditory information to the medial geniculate body (MGB)of the thalamus?

A

The inferior colliculus.

33
Q

After that the auditory radiation go thru the medial geniculate body, where will the auditory radiation project?

A

The auditory radiation projects to the primary auditory cortex.

34
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

The primary auditory cortex located on the posterior portion of the transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus; Brodmann areas 41 and 42).

35
Q

Which is the other part of the cortex that makes connection with the auditory association?

A

Wernicke’s area, the cortical area for the comprehension of language.

36
Q

Which structures are affected if your patient have a profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss ?

A

Lesions of the cochlear part of the eighth nerve or cochlear nuclei inside the brain stem at the Pontomedullary junction.

37
Q

Patient presents with a significant hearing loss in one ear, where is the most likely lesion?

A
  • Middle ear.
  • Inner ear.
  • Eighth nerve.
  • Cochlear nuclei.
38
Q

What type of hearing loss is if the passage of sound waves thru external or middle ear is interrupted?

A

Conductive hearing loss.

39
Q

Which are the causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

Obstruction, otosclerosis, otitis media.

40
Q

Damage to cochlea, CN VIII, or central auditory connections.

A

Sensorineural hearing loss.

41
Q

What will be the result of Weber and Rinne in a regular patient?

A

Weber: Central, Rinne AC>BC (+) for both ears.

42
Q

Weber: Lat. to Right ear.
Rinne: Right ear: AC>BC (+).
Left ear: AC>BC (+).
Which is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Left Sensorineural hearing loss

43
Q

How do you make the diagnosis for Conduction hearing loss of the right ear?

A

Weber: Lat. to Right.
Rinne: Right ear ACBC (+).

44
Q

Which are the 2 kinds of sensory receptor?

A

Macula and ampullary crest.

45
Q

How does macula work?

A

Macular responds to linear acceleration and detects positional changes in the head relative to gravity.

46
Q

How does ampullary crest work?

A

Detect changes in angular acceleration resulting from circular movements of the head.

47
Q

Which medication cause earring loss by damaging in the outer hair cells?

A

Aminoglycosides (e.g. Streptomycin, gentamicin)

48
Q

Patient

1) Weber: Midline.
2) Rinne(L): AC>BC
3) Rinne(R): AC>BC

A

Normal

49
Q

Patient

1) Weber: Right.
2) Rinne(L): AC>BC
3) Rinne(R): AC

A

Right conductive hearing loss.

50
Q

Patient

1) Weber: Left.
2) Rinne(L): AC>BC
3) Rinne(R): AC>BC

A

Right Sensorineural hearing loss

51
Q

Patient

1) Weber: Midline.
2) Rinne(L): AC

A

Bilateral conductive hearing loss

52
Q

Which is the most commonly infectious agent for Acute otitis external (“swimmer’s ear”)?

A

1st P. Aeruginosa.

2nd S. Aureus.

53
Q

Which is the main manifestation of acute otitis externa, and which is the treatment for it?

A

Pain with manipulation of the ear (pinna) or instrumentation of the canal. Treatment irrigation and topical antibiotics.

54
Q

How do you make the diagnosis of the Acute otitis media (AOM)?

A

Diagnosis made by inspection of the Tympanic membrane (TM) with finding as bulging, middle ear effusion (opacity, air-fluid level, pus), erythema and TM immobility under pressure with a pneumatic otoscope.

55
Q

Which are the most common bacterial causes of AOM?

A

S. Pneumoniae, nontypable H. Influenzae (most common in preschooler patient),M. Catarrhalis.

56
Q

What drugs can you use in AOM?

A
  • Antibiotics (Amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cephalosporins).
  • Tympanostomy tubes.
57
Q

Which is the complication of the AOM?

A

Acute mastoiditis (typical AOM symptoms plus post-auric ulnar swelling, redness, and mastoid tenderness).

58
Q

Difficulty maintaining equilibrium between middle ear pressure and atmospheric pressure, also it is associated with allergic rhinitis and treat with intranasal steroids.

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction

59
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

Overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris within the middle ear space that may eventually erode the ossicular chain and mastoid air cells

60
Q

Which are the causes of Cholesteatoma?

A
  • Negative middle ear pressure (chronic retraction pocket) from Eustachian tube dysfunction.
  • Direct growth of epithelium thru a TM perforation.
61
Q

Which disease in the middle ear is commonly associated with chronic middle ear infection?

A

Cholesteatoma

62
Q

Which are the characteristics of the Physical examination in Cholesteatoma ?

A

1) Garysh-white “pearly” lesion behind or involving the TM.
2) Condictive hearing loss.
3) Vertigo.

63
Q

Which are the treatments for Cholesteatoma ?

A

1) Surgical removal usually involving Tympanomastoiddectomy.

2) Reconstruction of the ossicular chain.

64
Q

What is the most commonly cause of vertigo?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV) - Pressumed to be due to debris or misplaced otoliths within the vestibular apparatus. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver and Epley maneuver are used for diagnosis and treatment.

65
Q

What is Ménière disease and which is its triad?

A

Imbalances of the fluid and electrolyte composition of the endolymph cause a triad of intermittent vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.

66
Q

Which type of vertigo is brainstem and cerebellar lesions damaging in the vestibular nuclei?

A

Central vertigo

67
Q

A patient presents with vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. What is the diagnosis?

A

Ménière disease.

68
Q

Which organism are most commonly responsible for acute otitis media?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae.
  • Moraxella catarrhalis.
69
Q

What organism is most commonly responsible for otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

70
Q

Chronic otitis media can sometimes result in a cystic lesion that is lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium, which can be metaplastic, that is filled with amorphous debris. What is the name of this condition?

A

Cholesteatoma.

DIT Recommended Course Order (21 decks)

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