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DIT Recommended Course Order > Video 24 Ear > Flashcards

Video 24 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures includes the external ear?

A

Pinna and external auditory meatus.

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2
Q

Vibrations of the ossicles are transferred thru, what structure?

A

Oval Window and into the inner ear.

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3
Q

Where is located the middle ear?

A

Temporal bone.

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4
Q

Which structures connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

A

3 ossicles

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5
Q

Which structures does amlplfy the vibrations?

A

3 ossicles.

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6
Q

Which of the 3 ossicles are inserted in the tympanic membrane ?

A

Malleus

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7
Q

Which structure is inserted into the membrane of the oval window?

A

Stapes

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8
Q

Which of skeletal muscle are contracted to prevent damage to the inner ear when is exposed to loud sounds ?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius.

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9
Q

Which structure connect the middle-ear cavity communicates with nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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10
Q

Which are the functions of Eustachian tube?

A

Allow air pressure to be equalized in both sides of the tympanic membrane.

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11
Q

Labyrinth (Osseous and membraneous) of interconnected sacs (utricle and saccule) and channels (semicircular ducts and the cochlear duct), the past structures belong :

A

Inner ear

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12
Q

Which structures respond to airbond vibrations or movements of the head?

A

Patches of receptor or hair cells.

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13
Q

Which structures are filled with endolymph?

A
  • Cochlear duct.

- sacs and channels of the vestibular labyrinth

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14
Q

What type of hearing loss is the otosclerosis?

A

Middle-ear disease as otosclerosis or otitis media result in a CONDUCTIVE hearing loss because of a reduction in amplification provided by the ossicles.

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15
Q

Which is the acoustic characteristic from Bell palsy?

A

Hyperacusis, an increased sensitivity to loud sounds.

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16
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Presbycusis is the loss of hear as a result from loss of hair cells at the base of the cochlea.

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17
Q

Which structure is the auditory receptor of the inner ear?

A

Cochlear duct

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18
Q

How many turns coils the cochlear duct have?

A

2 and a quarter turns within the bony cochlea.

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19
Q

What is the contain of the cochlea duct?

A

The cochlear duct contains hair cells situated on an enlogated, highly flexible, basil a membrane.

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20
Q

Which frequency cause maximum displacement of the basilar membrane and stimulation of hair cells at the base of the cochlea?

A

High-frequency.

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21
Q

What does the frequency that stimulate hair cells at the apex of the cochlea?

A

Low-frequency

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22
Q

Which are the 3 components of the each ear?

A

1) External ear (air-filled space).
2) Middle ear (air-filled space).
3) Inner ear (fluid-filled space).

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23
Q

Which structure is innervate by Spiral Ganglion?

A

The spiral ganglion contains cell bodies whose peripheral axons innervate auditory hair cells of the organ of corti.

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve innervate the cochlear?

A

CN VIII, vesitubulocochlear. The central axons from these bipolar cells form the cochlear part of the eighth cranial nerve.

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25
All the axons in the cochlear part of the eighth nerve enter the _________ _________ and synapse in the __________ and Dorsal cochlear nuclei.
Pontomedullary Junction, Ventral.
26
Where are located the axons that innervate the superior Olivary nuclei in the Pons?
Axons of cells in the central cochlear nuclei bilaterally.
27
What is the structure that receive binaural input and use it to localize sound sources?
The superior Olivary nuclei are the first auditory nuclei to receive binaural input.
28
Which is the structure that carries the auditory input from the cochlear nuclei and the superior Olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?
The lateral Lemniscus.
29
How is the input in the ear, lateral o contralateral?
Each lateral Lemniscus carries information derived from both ears; However, input from the contralateral ear predominates.
30
Air conduction > bone conduction
Sensorineural hearing loss.
31
Bone conduction > air conduction.
Conductive hearing loss.
32
Which structure sends auditory information to the medial geniculate body (MGB)of the thalamus?
The inferior colliculus.
33
After that the auditory radiation go thru the medial geniculate body, where will the auditory radiation project?
The auditory radiation projects to the primary auditory cortex.
34
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
The primary auditory cortex located on the posterior portion of the transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl's gyrus; Brodmann areas 41 and 42).
35
Which is the other part of the cortex that makes connection with the auditory association?
Wernicke's area, the cortical area for the comprehension of language.
36
Which structures are affected if your patient have a profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss ?
Lesions of the cochlear part of the eighth nerve or cochlear nuclei inside the brain stem at the Pontomedullary junction.
37
Patient presents with a significant hearing loss in one ear, where is the most likely lesion?
- Middle ear. - Inner ear. - Eighth nerve. - Cochlear nuclei.
38
What type of hearing loss is if the passage of sound waves thru external or middle ear is interrupted?
Conductive hearing loss.
39
Which are the causes of conductive hearing loss?
Obstruction, otosclerosis, otitis media.
40
Damage to cochlea, CN VIII, or central auditory connections.
Sensorineural hearing loss.
41
What will be the result of Weber and Rinne in a regular patient?
Weber: Central, Rinne AC>BC (+) for both ears.
42
Weber: Lat. to Right ear. Rinne: Right ear: AC>BC (+). Left ear: AC>BC (+). Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Left Sensorineural hearing loss
43
How do you make the diagnosis for Conduction hearing loss of the right ear?
Weber: Lat. to Right. Rinne: Right ear ACBC (+).
44
Which are the 2 kinds of sensory receptor?
Macula and ampullary crest.
45
How does macula work?
Macular responds to linear acceleration and detects positional changes in the head relative to gravity.
46
How does ampullary crest work?
Detect changes in angular acceleration resulting from circular movements of the head.
47
Which medication cause earring loss by damaging in the outer hair cells?
Aminoglycosides (e.g. Streptomycin, gentamicin)
48
Patient 1) Weber: Midline. 2) Rinne(L): AC>BC 3) Rinne(R): AC>BC
Normal
49
Patient 1) Weber: Right. 2) Rinne(L): AC>BC 3) Rinne(R): AC
Right conductive hearing loss.
50
Patient 1) Weber: Left. 2) Rinne(L): AC>BC 3) Rinne(R): AC>BC
Right Sensorineural hearing loss
51
Patient 1) Weber: Midline. 2) Rinne(L): AC
Bilateral conductive hearing loss
52
Which is the most commonly infectious agent for Acute otitis external ("swimmer's ear")?
1st P. Aeruginosa. | 2nd S. Aureus.
53
Which is the main manifestation of acute otitis externa, and which is the treatment for it?
Pain with manipulation of the ear (pinna) or instrumentation of the canal. Treatment irrigation and topical antibiotics.
54
How do you make the diagnosis of the Acute otitis media (AOM)?
Diagnosis made by inspection of the Tympanic membrane (TM) with finding as bulging, middle ear effusion (opacity, air-fluid level, pus), erythema and TM immobility under pressure with a pneumatic otoscope.
55
Which are the most common bacterial causes of AOM?
S. Pneumoniae, nontypable H. Influenzae (most common in preschooler patient),M. Catarrhalis.
56
What drugs can you use in AOM?
- Antibiotics (Amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cephalosporins). - Tympanostomy tubes.
57
Which is the complication of the AOM?
Acute mastoiditis (typical AOM symptoms plus post-auric ulnar swelling, redness, and mastoid tenderness).
58
Difficulty maintaining equilibrium between middle ear pressure and atmospheric pressure, also it is associated with allergic rhinitis and treat with intranasal steroids.
Eustachian tube dysfunction
59
What is cholesteatoma?
Overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris within the middle ear space that may eventually erode the ossicular chain and mastoid air cells
60
Which are the causes of Cholesteatoma?
- Negative middle ear pressure (chronic retraction pocket) from Eustachian tube dysfunction. - Direct growth of epithelium thru a TM perforation.
61
Which disease in the middle ear is commonly associated with chronic middle ear infection?
Cholesteatoma
62
Which are the characteristics of the Physical examination in Cholesteatoma ?
1) Garysh-white "pearly" lesion behind or involving the TM. 2) Condictive hearing loss. 3) Vertigo.
63
Which are the treatments for Cholesteatoma ?
1) Surgical removal usually involving Tympanomastoiddectomy. | 2) Reconstruction of the ossicular chain.
64
What is the most commonly cause of vertigo?
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV) - Pressumed to be due to debris or misplaced otoliths within the vestibular apparatus. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver and Epley maneuver are used for diagnosis and treatment.
65
What is Ménière disease and which is its triad?
Imbalances of the fluid and electrolyte composition of the endolymph cause a triad of intermittent vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
66
Which type of vertigo is brainstem and cerebellar lesions damaging in the vestibular nuclei?
Central vertigo
67
A patient presents with vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss. What is the diagnosis?
Ménière disease.
68
Which organism are most commonly responsible for acute otitis media?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae. - Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae. - Moraxella catarrhalis.
69
What organism is most commonly responsible for otitis externa?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
70
Chronic otitis media can sometimes result in a cystic lesion that is lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium, which can be metaplastic, that is filled with amorphous debris. What is the name of this condition?
Cholesteatoma.

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