Video 15 Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with a child who appears to be daydreaming in class and is found to have a 3-second spike-and-wave pattern on EEG?

A

Absence seizure.

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2
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with sudden, brief muscle contraction?

A

Myoclonic epilepsy.

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3
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with motor, sensory, visual, psychic, or autonomic phenomena with preserved level of consciousness?

A

Simple partial seizure.

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4
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with seizure begins with behavioral arrest, which is followed by auditory or visual hallucinations, automatisms, and finally by postictal confusion?

A

Complex partial seizure.

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5
Q

What disorder is characterized by paroxysmal episodes of sharp, shooting facial pain in the distribution of one or more branches of CN V?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia.

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6
Q

What is the drug of choice for Trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Carbamazepine.

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7
Q

What is the triad of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

1) Loss of balance (disequilibrium).
2) Hypotonia.
3) Loss of coordinated muscle activity (Dyssynergia).

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8
Q

Name the terms used to describe traumatic injury to the cortex at the site of impact and opposite the side of impact?

A

1) Coup injury (at the side of impact).

2) Contrecoup injury (opposite the site of impact).

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9
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with loss of consciousness followed by loss of postural control, a tonic phase of muscle concentration and clinic limb jerking?

A

Tonic-clonic seizure.

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10
Q

What is the difference between partial seizures and generalized seizure?

A

Partial is occurring in one area of the brain and generalized affect the brain diffused.

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11
Q

Which are the two types of partial seizures?

A

1) Simple partial: Consciousness intact.

2) Complex partial: impaired consciousness.

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12
Q

What are the different type of generalized seizures?

A

1) Absence (petit mal).
2) Myoclonic.
3) Tonic-clonic (Grand mal).
4) Tonic.
5) Atonic.

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13
Q

What seizure is characterized by 3 Hz in the EEG, no posictal confusion, blank stare?

A

Absence.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a Myoclonic seizure?

A

Quick, repetitive jerks.

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15
Q

What seizure is characterized by alternating stiffening and movement ?

A

Tonic-clinic (Grand mal)

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16
Q

What seizure is characterized by only stiffening?

A

Tonic seizure

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the Atonic seizure?

A

“Drop” seizures (fall to floor); commonly mistaken for fainting.

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18
Q

What is the definition of Status epilepticus?

A
  • Recurring seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures.
  • Variably defined as >10-30 min.
  • It may result in brain injury.
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19
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in children?

A

Genetic, infection (febrile), trauma, congenital, metabolic.

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20
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in adults?

A

Tumor, trauma, stroke and infection.

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21
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in elderly?

A

Stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of Tuberous Sclerosis?

A

1) Autosomal Dominant.
2) Complete penetrance but variable expression.
3) TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutation.
4) Classic triad: Seizures, Mental retardation and Angiofibroma.

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23
Q

Which is the tuberous sclerosis triad?

A

1) Seizures.
2) Mental retardation.
3) Angiofibroma.

24
Q

Which genes regulates hamartin protein and tuber in protein?

A

1) TSC1 gene regulates hamartin protein.

2) TSC2 gene regulates tuber in protein.

25
Which are the tumor association that you can found in tuberous sclerosis?
Renal angiomyolipoma, Cardica rhabdomyoma, Astrocytoma (Subependymal giant cell Astrocytoma).
26
What neurocutaneous disorder is characterized by port-wine stain (CN V1), seizures, hemiparesis and intellectual disability?
Sturge-Weber syndrome, congenital, non-inherited (somatic), developmental of neural crew derivatives due to activating mutation of GNAQ gene.
27
What is another name for Trigeminal neuralgia?
Tic Douloureux.
28
Which are the characteristics of Trigeminal neuralgia?
"Lightning-like" pain, "electric shocks", along a division of the Trigeminal (usually) triggered by light touch (wind, bed sheets).
29
What is the treatment for Trigeminal neuralgia?
Rx. Carbamazepine or other anticonvulsant (phenytoin, gabapentin, Topiramate).
30
Which are the three kind of drugs used for epilepsy?
1) Block Sodium Channels. 2) Increase GABA activity. 3) Block T-type calcium activity.
31
What are the drugs they belong to the category of channels of sodium?
1) Phenytoin. 2) Carbamazepine. 3) Valproic acid. 4) Topiramate. 5) Lamotrigine.
32
What are the drugs they belong to the category of increase GABA activity?
1) Benzodiazepines. 2) Valproic acid. 3) Gabapentin. 4) Phenobarbital. 5) Levetiracetam. 6) Tiagabine. 7) Vigabatrin.
33
What are the drugs they belong to the category of Block T-type calcium channels?
1) Ethosuximide. 2) Phenytoin. 3) Gabapentin.
34
What is the drug of choice for absence seizures?
First line: Ethosuximide. | You can also used Valproic acid and Lamotrigine.
35
Used to treat status epilepticus?
Benzodiazepines (Diazepam or lorazepam)
36
What is the treatment of eclampsia?
Magnesium sulfate
37
Which are the additional Side Effects (SE) of phenytoin?
Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia (Decreased folate absorption), Fetal hydantoin syndrome, SLE-like syndrome and Steven-Johnson syndrome.
38
Which anti-epileptics are teratogens?
1) Phenytoin. 2) Carbamazepine. 3) Valproic acid.
39
What drugs cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome?
Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, Sulfonamides, penicillin and allopurinol.
40
What drugs are known to cause agranulocytosis?
Carbamazepine, Clozapine, Colchicine, Propylthiuracil (PTU) and Methimazole.
41
What are the hepatotoxic anti-epileptics?
Valproic acid and carbamazepine
42
What drugs induce the P450 system?
"Coronas, Guinness, and PBRs induce Chronic alcoholism" | Carbamazepine, Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Barbiturates, Rifampin, St. John's wort, Chronic alcoholism.
43
Gingival hyperplasia, Steven Johnson syndrome, Sodium channel blocker, these characteristics belong to...
Phenytoin.
44
Block T-type calcium channels and First line for absence seizures, these characteristics belong to...
Ethosuximide
45
First line for status epilepticus, Reversed with Flumazenil, increase GABA action, these characteristics belong to...
Benzodiazepines
46
P450 inducer, hepatotoxic and Trigeminal neuralgia, these characteristics belong to...
Carbamazepine
47
Best for generalized seizures, hepatotoxic and cause spina bifida, these characteristics belong to...
Valproic acid
48
In regard to seizures, what do the terms partial, simple, complex, and generalized mean?
1) Partial: Localized to a specific area. 2) Simple: No alterations of consciousness. 3) Complex: Alterations of consciousness. 4) Generalized: Over the entire brain.
49
What are the most common cause of seizures in children?
Developmental etiology, infection (Febrile seizures), Trauma and Metabolic disturbances.
50
A 10-year-old child "Spaces out" in class (stops talking midsentence and then continues as if nothing had happened). During the spells, there is slight quivering of lips. What is the diagnosis?
Absence seizure.
51
What drugs are known for causing Stevens- Johnson syndrome?
Seizure drugs (Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, Carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital), Sulfonamides, penicillins and allopurinol
52
What are the toxic effects of phenytoin?
Hirsutism, Gingival hyperplasia, Fetal Hydantoin syndrome, Drug-induced lupus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and also induces CYP450.
53
RFF: Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
54
RFF: Treatment for tonic-clinic seizures.
Phenytoin, Valproic acid and Carbamazepine.
55
Which anti-convulsants are associated with blood dyscrasias?
Carbamazepine and Ethosuximide