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DIT Recommended Course Order > Video 15 Seizures > Flashcards

Video 15 Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with a child who appears to be daydreaming in class and is found to have a 3-second spike-and-wave pattern on EEG?

A

Absence seizure.

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2
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with sudden, brief muscle contraction?

A

Myoclonic epilepsy.

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3
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with motor, sensory, visual, psychic, or autonomic phenomena with preserved level of consciousness?

A

Simple partial seizure.

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4
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with seizure begins with behavioral arrest, which is followed by auditory or visual hallucinations, automatisms, and finally by postictal confusion?

A

Complex partial seizure.

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5
Q

What disorder is characterized by paroxysmal episodes of sharp, shooting facial pain in the distribution of one or more branches of CN V?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia.

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6
Q

What is the drug of choice for Trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Carbamazepine.

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7
Q

What is the triad of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

1) Loss of balance (disequilibrium).
2) Hypotonia.
3) Loss of coordinated muscle activity (Dyssynergia).

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8
Q

Name the terms used to describe traumatic injury to the cortex at the site of impact and opposite the side of impact?

A

1) Coup injury (at the side of impact).

2) Contrecoup injury (opposite the site of impact).

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9
Q

Name the type of seizure associated with loss of consciousness followed by loss of postural control, a tonic phase of muscle concentration and clinic limb jerking?

A

Tonic-clonic seizure.

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10
Q

What is the difference between partial seizures and generalized seizure?

A

Partial is occurring in one area of the brain and generalized affect the brain diffused.

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11
Q

Which are the two types of partial seizures?

A

1) Simple partial: Consciousness intact.

2) Complex partial: impaired consciousness.

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12
Q

What are the different type of generalized seizures?

A

1) Absence (petit mal).
2) Myoclonic.
3) Tonic-clonic (Grand mal).
4) Tonic.
5) Atonic.

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13
Q

What seizure is characterized by 3 Hz in the EEG, no posictal confusion, blank stare?

A

Absence.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a Myoclonic seizure?

A

Quick, repetitive jerks.

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15
Q

What seizure is characterized by alternating stiffening and movement ?

A

Tonic-clinic (Grand mal)

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16
Q

What seizure is characterized by only stiffening?

A

Tonic seizure

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the Atonic seizure?

A

“Drop” seizures (fall to floor); commonly mistaken for fainting.

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18
Q

What is the definition of Status epilepticus?

A
  • Recurring seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures.
  • Variably defined as >10-30 min.
  • It may result in brain injury.
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19
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in children?

A

Genetic, infection (febrile), trauma, congenital, metabolic.

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20
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in adults?

A

Tumor, trauma, stroke and infection.

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21
Q

According to the causes of seizures by age, which are the causes in elderly?

A

Stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection.

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of Tuberous Sclerosis?

A

1) Autosomal Dominant.
2) Complete penetrance but variable expression.
3) TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutation.
4) Classic triad: Seizures, Mental retardation and Angiofibroma.

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23
Q

Which is the tuberous sclerosis triad?

A

1) Seizures.
2) Mental retardation.
3) Angiofibroma.

24
Q

Which genes regulates hamartin protein and tuber in protein?

A

1) TSC1 gene regulates hamartin protein.

2) TSC2 gene regulates tuber in protein.

25
Q

Which are the tumor association that you can found in tuberous sclerosis?

A

Renal angiomyolipoma, Cardica rhabdomyoma, Astrocytoma (Subependymal giant cell Astrocytoma).

26
Q

What neurocutaneous disorder is characterized by port-wine stain (CN V1), seizures, hemiparesis and intellectual disability?

A

Sturge-Weber syndrome, congenital, non-inherited (somatic), developmental of neural crew derivatives due to activating mutation of GNAQ gene.

27
Q

What is another name for Trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Tic Douloureux.

28
Q

Which are the characteristics of Trigeminal neuralgia?

A

“Lightning-like” pain, “electric shocks”, along a division of the Trigeminal (usually) triggered by light touch (wind, bed sheets).

29
Q

What is the treatment for Trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Rx. Carbamazepine or other anticonvulsant (phenytoin, gabapentin, Topiramate).

30
Q

Which are the three kind of drugs used for epilepsy?

A

1) Block Sodium Channels.
2) Increase GABA activity.
3) Block T-type calcium activity.

31
Q

What are the drugs they belong to the category of channels of sodium?

A

1) Phenytoin.
2) Carbamazepine.
3) Valproic acid.
4) Topiramate.
5) Lamotrigine.

32
Q

What are the drugs they belong to the category of increase GABA activity?

A

1) Benzodiazepines.
2) Valproic acid.
3) Gabapentin.
4) Phenobarbital.
5) Levetiracetam.
6) Tiagabine.
7) Vigabatrin.

33
Q

What are the drugs they belong to the category of Block T-type calcium channels?

A

1) Ethosuximide.
2) Phenytoin.
3) Gabapentin.

34
Q

What is the drug of choice for absence seizures?

A

First line: Ethosuximide.

You can also used Valproic acid and Lamotrigine.

35
Q

Used to treat status epilepticus?

A

Benzodiazepines (Diazepam or lorazepam)

36
Q

What is the treatment of eclampsia?

A

Magnesium sulfate

37
Q

Which are the additional Side Effects (SE) of phenytoin?

A

Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, peripheral neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia (Decreased folate absorption), Fetal hydantoin syndrome, SLE-like syndrome and Steven-Johnson syndrome.

38
Q

Which anti-epileptics are teratogens?

A

1) Phenytoin.
2) Carbamazepine.
3) Valproic acid.

39
Q

What drugs cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A

Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, Sulfonamides, penicillin and allopurinol.

40
Q

What drugs are known to cause agranulocytosis?

A

Carbamazepine, Clozapine, Colchicine, Propylthiuracil (PTU) and Methimazole.

41
Q

What are the hepatotoxic anti-epileptics?

A

Valproic acid and carbamazepine

42
Q

What drugs induce the P450 system?

A

“Coronas, Guinness, and PBRs induce Chronic alcoholism”

Carbamazepine, Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Barbiturates, Rifampin, St. John’s wort, Chronic alcoholism.

43
Q

Gingival hyperplasia, Steven Johnson syndrome, Sodium channel blocker, these characteristics belong to…

A

Phenytoin.

44
Q

Block T-type calcium channels and First line for absence seizures, these characteristics belong to…

A

Ethosuximide

45
Q

First line for status epilepticus, Reversed with Flumazenil, increase GABA action, these characteristics belong to…

A

Benzodiazepines

46
Q

P450 inducer, hepatotoxic and Trigeminal neuralgia, these characteristics belong to…

A

Carbamazepine

47
Q

Best for generalized seizures, hepatotoxic and cause spina bifida, these characteristics belong to…

A

Valproic acid

48
Q

In regard to seizures, what do the terms partial, simple, complex, and generalized mean?

A

1) Partial: Localized to a specific area.
2) Simple: No alterations of consciousness.
3) Complex: Alterations of consciousness.
4) Generalized: Over the entire brain.

49
Q

What are the most common cause of seizures in children?

A

Developmental etiology, infection (Febrile seizures), Trauma and Metabolic disturbances.

50
Q

A 10-year-old child “Spaces out” in class (stops talking midsentence and then continues as if nothing had happened). During the spells, there is slight quivering of lips. What is the diagnosis?

A

Absence seizure.

51
Q

What drugs are known for causing Stevens- Johnson syndrome?

A

Seizure drugs (Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, Carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital), Sulfonamides, penicillins and allopurinol

52
Q

What are the toxic effects of phenytoin?

A

Hirsutism, Gingival hyperplasia, Fetal Hydantoin syndrome, Drug-induced lupus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and also induces CYP450.

53
Q

RFF: Treatment for absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide

54
Q

RFF: Treatment for tonic-clinic seizures.

A

Phenytoin, Valproic acid and Carbamazepine.

55
Q

Which anti-convulsants are associated with blood dyscrasias?

A

Carbamazepine and Ethosuximide

DIT Recommended Course Order (21 decks)

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