Veterinary Nutrition Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
1
Q
What is maltose
A
Disaccharide
2
Q
What are peanut hulls considered
A
Non fermentable fiber
3
Q
What is wheat considered
A
Digestible polysaccharide
4
Q
What is beet pulp considered
A
Moderately fermentable fiber
5
Q
What is galactose considered
A
Monosaccharide
6
Q
What is maltase considered
A
Mucosal brush border enzyme
7
Q
What is amylase considered
A
Pancreatic enzyme
8
Q
Name to general functions of fiber in the diet of dogs and cats
A
Provide satiety which is by the delayed gastric emptying. Form stool: allows for hardening of stool due to water retention and absorption
9
Q
Explain how fermentable fiber is beneficial
A
It is beneficial because it promotes the growth of good bacteria in her intestines. Also the short chain fatty acids feed lining of large intestines
10
Q
Insulin facilitates the entry of what importing nutrients from the blood into cells
A
Glucose
11
Q
What is the name of the enzyme produced by the pancreas to digest starch
A
Amylase
12
Q
Where are the enzymes lactase sucrose and Maltase located
A
All three are located in the brush border of the small intestine
13
Q
What are the three nutrient classes that supply energy
A
Carbs, fat and protein
14
Q
What are the energy requirements of cats and dogs as well as the energy content of petfood expressed as
A
Gross energy
15
Q
Which nutrient is the most concentrated source of calories in petfood
A
Fat
16
Q
Name for functions of proteins of the animals body
A
❤️Helps create the structure for cells. ❤️Helps in the production of keratin. ❤️Help support the muscles of the animal. ❤️Helps act as a secondary source of energy in energy deficient situations
17
Q
In the process of digestion protein is broken down into what
A
Amino acids
18
Q
Name two factors that determine protein quality
A
Digestibility of the protein and the biological value of the protein
19
Q
Name a medical condition that would require restricted protein diet
A
Renal problems
20
Q
Which amino acid is essential for the cat but not for the dog
A
Taurine
21
Q
Where does protein digestion start
A
In the stomach
22
Q
Protein digestion continues where
A
In the small intestine
23
Q
Where are the enzymes trypsin and Chymotrypsin produced by
A
Pancreas
24
Q
What is the definition of polypeptide
A
Long chains of peptides
25
What are polypeptides broken down into by the mucosal brush border
Amino acids
26
How do absorbed amino acids travel to the liver
Through they hepatic portal vein
27
If the amino acid is going to be used for energy what must the liver remove from it
Nitrogen
28
When the nitrogen is removed from the amino acid it'll enter the ammonia cycle and be converted to what
Urea
29
What is the energy cycle of all cells
Krebs
30
Give me example of what can happen to an amino acid if it isn't used for energy
Can be used to rebuild cells
31
In cats which amino acid is essential for the ammonia cycle
Argenine
32
State four functions of fat in the diet
❤️Provide energy for body. ❤️Allow body to dissolve fat-soluble vitamins. ❤️Insulate body to protect from Harsh temperatures. ❤️Fat storage on body
33
What is the optimal ratio of n6 and the n3 in the diet
5:1
34
Name two ingredients that supply Omega 3 fatty acids
Fish oil and fish meal
35
Which essential fatty acid is required preformed by the cat but can be synthesized from lenoleic acid in the dog
Arachodonic
36
Both dogs and cats require the essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid
37
What is the enzymes from the pancreas that helps with fat digestion
Lipase
38
What is the substance produced in the liver that helps with fat digestion
Bile
39
Which diet would you expect to have the lowest fat content
Obesity diet
40
Name the prescription diet that is high in omega-3's that will benefit an older dog with arthritis
Mobility support or JD
41
What is the general purpose of a diet with a higher level of omega 3
Anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant
42
What is a fermentable Fiber - pre biotic
MOS
43
What vitamin is necessary for normal blood clotting
Vitamin K
44
What is a synthetic preservative
Ethoxyquin
45
What is considered antioxidant
Lutein
46
What allows more efficient use of insulin
Chrominum
47
What is good for joint cartilage
Glucosamine
48
What is a nonessential amino acid that promotes Enterocyte health. In medical gastro diet helps to maintain health of gut lining.
Glutamine
49
What Transports long chain fatty acids across inter-mitochondrial membrane for Beta oxidation
Carnithine
50
What vitamin strengthens connective tissue's muscles and skin. It also hastens wound healing and increases resistance to infection
Vitamin c
51
A deficiency of which vitamin and selenium can cause nutritional muscular dystrophy in sheep and crazy chick disease
Vitamin E
52
Which B vitamin is the only one that is stored in the body and works with the mineral cobalt
B12
53
Which vitamins are not stored in the body and must be provided in the diet every day
Water-soluble vitamins
54
Which fat-soluble vitamin helps and calcium and phosphorus absorption and assist with normal bone mineralization
Vitamin D
55
What is the main function of vitamins
Regulate body processes
56
Carotene could not be used as a source of vitamin A in the diet of a
Cat
57
Which vitamin is not a fat-soluble vitamin
Vitamin C
58
Which vitamin promotes normal vision and reproduction care and it helps maintain healthy skin
Vitamin A
59
An all meat diet will have an excessive amount of which mineral
Phosphorus
60
High milk producing dairy cow can develop a syndrome where she is unable to get up. This condition is called downer cow and is a result of what leaving the body to rapidly to go into the milk
Calcium
61
A similar solution can happen in bitches called eclampsia. Describe when this problem is going to likely occur in the bitch
3 weeks into nursing
62
What would a vitamin a deficiency in the turtle look like
Swollen eyes
63
At what age can you start offering solid food to puppies and what would you offer
3 to 4 weeks and you offer a dry food that is been mixed with a water or canned food to make Gruel
64
What food would a pregnant great Dane get
Puppy food
65
What medical conditions are large breed puppy is prone to
Dysplasia and degenerative joint disease
66
Large breed puppies have special nutritional requirements
Growth rate is a lot more exponential and if they're fed incorrectly they can develop severe skeletal issues or become obese
67
How is the nutrient composition of a diet of a large breed puppy different than that for small breed
❤️Puppies are prone to skeletal issues so they need 30% less calcium and phosphorus in a ratio of 1.2 to 1❤️large breed puppies have a different activity level and growth rate so they need a different amount of calories. Less energy dense and less fat content❤️they need to be formulated with a high-quality protein
68
What are two important things to emphasize to an owner of an eight week old Labrador
❤️The importance of feeding a puppy lifestage diet that is catered to his proper calories. ❤️The importance of adequate exercise in moderation to discourage obesity
69
Do pet foods that are labeled as treats or snacks have to have a nutritional adequacy Statement
No
70
What moisture percent is typically listed as the maximum that a canned pet food can contain
78%
71
Can the nutritive value of ingredients be determined from the ingredient statement on the pet food
No
72
Which of the following is always required in the guaranteed analysis
Maximum moisture
73
Which of the following is the preferred method for substantiating a labor claim
Feeding trials
74
Can the crude fat percentage be used to estimate the energy content of the food
Yes
75
Which part of the pet food label is the primary means of attracting the pet owners attention to the product
The principal display paddle
76
It's a product label reads with beef what percent of the total product must come from the beef ingredients
At least 3
77
What percent of the product does chicken flavour have to have
Less than 3 percent
78
What does beef dinner have to have
At least 25%
79
What does shrimp in jelly mean
At least 3 percent of total product.
80
What does tuna for cats mean
Tuna is at leAst 70% of total product
81
What does aafco regulate
Ingredient lists Nutritional adequacy of foodNutritional claims
82
How much water loss will kill an animal
15%
83
What is complimentation
Putting 2 incomplete proteins together
84
What does digestibility mean
Hooves vs muscle meat
85
What is the advantage to free choice feeding
Less labour intensive
86
What is the disadvantage of free choice feeding
Less control over food intake
87
What is the advantage of time restricted meals
15 mins - control of food amount
88
What is the disadvantage of time restricted feeding
Obesity
89
What is the advantage to food restricted meal
Better weight control
90
What is the disadvantage of food restricted meal
More labour intensive
91
When is the highest energy demand in the bitch
3rd trimester
92
When do you increase the food for a bitch
6th week. 50% more than maintence
93
What are the goals of lactation
Energy for adequate milk productionDrastic weight loss in dam
94
When is the peak milk demand ?
3 weeks
95
What is periodontal disease
Plaque induced disease of the peridontium that includes both gingivitis and periodontitis
96
What characteristics of pet food can affect plaque and calculus build up
Form (canned vs. dry)Kibble size Kibble texture
97
Describe stage 1 periodontal disease
Dental plaque is the transparent film and bacteria cells and food particles that form on tooth surfaces. bad breath and reddening and inflammation of the gumline occurs even though teeth appear clean
98
What is stage 2 periodontal disease
Within 72 hours dental plaque can begin to calcify forming tartar. Increasing inflammation is evident along with swelling of the gum line
99
What is stage 3 periodontal disease
Left untreated, gingivitis may progress to an infection of the tissues with subsequent tooth loss, gum recession and bone loss
100
What is stage 4 periodontitis
Tartar is covered with newly formed plaque. Toxins and enzymes secreted by plaque bacteria cause further inflammation of the periodontal tissues along with some loss of tissue attachments and the beginning of bone loss
101
T/f: plaque is the first stage of periodontal disease
True
102
T/f: plaque is readily visible
False
103
T/f: plaque is composed of bacteria, cells and food particles
True
104
T/f: plaque cannot be removed by mechanical brushing
False
105
T/f: tartar is mineralized plaque
True
106
T/f: tartar prevention is the number one priority in preventing periodontal disease
False
107
T/f: periodontal disease has been linked to tissue change in canine kidneys, heart muscle and liver and oral bacteria may cause pneumonia if it's aspirated into the lungs
True
108
Uroliths are least likely to form when urine is what for a particular urolith type
Undersaturated
109
What are the most common types of feline lower urinary tract disease
Idiopathic cystitis and urolithiasis
110
Dietary manipulation maybe used to dissolve which type of urolith in cats
Sterile struvite
111
T/f: Dietary magnesium restriction may increase the risk of calcium oxalate urolith formation
True
112
True or false: idiopathic cystitis often involves a bacterial infection
False
113
True or false: younger cats are more prone to get calcium oxalate crystals
False
114
True or false: purebred cat such as Burmese and Persian are more prone to get calcium oxalate crystals
True
115
True or false indoor cats are more prone to develop struvite crystals
True
116
What type of crystals are Dalmation dogs prone to
Urate
117
What may occur in pets with chronic renal failure
Anemia, weakened bones, uncontrolled blood pressure
118
Describe the typical change in water intake and urination When a pet has chronic renal failure
Polyuria and polydipsia
119
True or false: chronic renal failure patients consuming excessive dietary protein and inorganic ions will accumulate nitrogen containing wastes resulting in a life threatening the syndrome called uremia
True
120
What are the first clinical signs clients notice when their pet has chronic renal failure
Drinking more water, more frequent urination with greater volume
121
True or false: chronic renal failure is reversible even though it develops over months or years
False
122
It is recommended that the protein level in the diets of canine and feline patients with chronic renal failure be
Restricted
123
Dietary phosphorus should be what in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure to help preserve renal function
Restricted
124
It is recommended that the fat level in the diets of canine and feline patients with chronic renal failure be what
Increased
125
Dietary potassium should be what in dogs and cats with chronic renal failure to help preserve renal function
Increased
126
What is the nutrient of greatest concern in food allergy reactions
Protein
127
Dogs and cats with food allergies typically present with what clinical signs
Redness and constant licking
128
Which type of test is the most useful for diagnosing food allergy
Elimination diet
129
True or false: food allergy is an adverse immune mediated reaction to a specific food
True
130
Which nutritional factors promotes skin health
Omega-3 and omega six fatty acids, zinc, vitamin a and E, protein
131
As an alternative to a hypoallergenic diet containing hydrolyzed protein dogs with confirmed food allergies can be managed by feeding a diet that contains what
The novel protein to which the dog has not been previously exposed
132
And elimination diet may need to be fed exclusively for at least how many weeks as part of an elimination diet trial
8 to 16
133
Explain hypoallergenic diet
The diet uses a novel proteins source that the animal has not previously been exposed to. They do not have a reaction
134
Explain the Hydrolyzed diet
All of the allergens are removed from the proteins so there won't be a reaction
135
Describe an important client recommendation when using one of these diets
Keep on it for three months
136
State two ways that obesity increases the incidence of osteoarthritis in the dog
Adds more weight on the joint. Increase in fat promotes inflammation of the joint
137
In what anatomical area do older cats get arthritis
The spine
138
State two nutraceuticals that are beneficial to cartilage
Glucosamine and condroitin
139
Which general type of nutrient when added to a dogs diet helps reduce production of inflammatory mediators such as PGE2
Omega-3 fatty acid
140
What is the main reason the senior animals require less daily calories
They're resting metabolic rate is lower
141
Diets formulated for seniors will have a lower caloric density state two ways that these diets are formulated to reduce a caloric density
They contain less fat, less carbs, high biological value and highly digestible protein. Adds more fiber to dilute the calories
142
State to minerals that will be restricted in a diet formulated for seniors
Phosphorus and sodium
143
Which mineral is increased especially in cats
Vitamin K
144
When do large breed puppies reach adult size
18 to 24 months
145
What are advantages to slowing down the growth rate for large breeds
Reduces risk of osteochondrosis and canine hip dysplasia
146
What is the minimum protein to feed the puppy
22%
147
What is the ideal protein for a puppy
25 to 29% and high biological value and digestible
148
What should you limit for a puppy
Energy and calcium. Excessive energy during growth results in rapid growth rate. Excessive calcium during growth especially calcium to phosphorus ratio increases the risk of developing hip dysplasia.
149
And appropriate diet for large breed dog will have what
A lower energy density thus less fat content. The balance level of high-quality protein. 30% less calcium phosphorus than puppy food ratio of 1.2 to 1
150
Why will portion controlled feeding make house training easier for large breeds
Due to Gastro colic reflex. Having to defecate almost immediately after eating.
151
How often should large breed puppies be getting weighed
Every two weeks
152
How much exercise should large breed puppies be getting
Moderate exercise
153
What is Halitosis caused by
Microbial metabolism of protein containing substances create volatile sulfur compounds which smell
154
How do you remove plaque
Requires mechanical abrasion from chewing and teeth brushing to remove
155
How do you remove tartar or calculus
Requires professional dentistry
156
What is tartar or calculus
Mineralized plaque
157
What are neck lesions, cervical line lesions and feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions associated with
Chronic inflammation results in demineralization by odontoclasts
158
What is the goal of the dental diet
minimize plaque and calculus formation.
159
How do you minimize plaque and calculus formation
Daily teeth brushing, chlorhexidine rinses, dentistry diet
160
What happens if a dog chews it's food slowly
Less calculus formation
161
Did cats chew their food ?
No
162
What do dental diets have that binds calcium and prevents plaque from becoming tartar
Phosphates
163
What do dental diets do to the texture of the kibble
Change it so that it will have more of a brushing effect and will remove plaque
164
What are the key nutrients for the skin
Protein, EFA's, vitamin A, vitamin E, zinc
165
How much of the daily protein requirement does skin and hair coat account for
30%
166
Describe the epidermis
Outer layer of the skin that provides a structural barrier protecting the body from the environment. Covered by an antibacterial lipid layer which prevents water loss from the body
167
What cells make up the epidermal layer
Keratinocytes
168
What is the brick and mortar comparison of the structure of the epidermis
The bricks are the keratinocytes and the mortar is that ceramide of a wall
169
Why is ceramide important
Allows the skin to maintain a protective barrier against allergens and bacteria and prevents the skin from drying out
170
What is pruritis caused by
Bacteria, yeast, parasites, Allergan
171
What is atopy caused by
Environmental allergy
172
What are the diagnostic tests for skin problems
GPE, skin scraping, cytology, biopsy, bloodwork
173
What are the treatments for skin problems
Anti-parasite, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory Cortizone, shampoo and topical medication, diet
174
What is atopy
Inappropriate immune response to a foreign substance. Immune system reacts and produces IGE and he bodies against the allergen. Anti-bodies cause the release of histamine that causes skin to be pruritic.
175
What are common allergies
Pollen, mold, dust, mites
176
Are allergies breed predisposition
Yes
177
How do you diagnose allergies
Intradermal skin test
178
How do you treat allergies
Hyposensitization shots, immune suppressant's: Cortizone, EFA's to suppress inflammation
179
How is food allergy different then allergies
Exposure is through the digestive tract
180
What is specific about food allergy
Requires time to develop and most animals have been eating the offending food for years with no trouble because it involves the immune system.
181
What is food intolerance
Immediate reaction to an offending food that does not involve the immune system
182
What are the clinical signs of food allergy
Facial itching, foot or limb chewing, belly itching, reoccurring ear infections, pruritis
183
What dogs are predisposition to food allergies
Labrador, golden retriever, cocker spaniel, German Shepherd
184
What causes food allergies
Protein molecules between 18 and 36,000 Dalton's. Needs to be a protein of this size so that the immune system thinks it is foreign and will react to it
185
Where are the proteins coming from
Beef chicken, gluten
186
What is hydrolyzed protein
Conventional protein source is used but broken down into molecules too small to excite the immune system.
187
Why can you only feed elimination diet for three months and not any other treats
Because it'll change the results. No edible to toys or treats unless they are the same food source as the test diet.
188
What is Royal canin skin support for
Specially formulated to assist in the management of skin diseases and environmental allergies
189
What is feline lower urinary tract disorder caused by
Infections, urolith, urinary crystals, congenital, idiopathic, behavior
190
What are the clinical signs of feline lower urinary tract disease
Dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, innapropriate urination, frequent licking genital area, anuria
191
What are the causes of flutd
Idiopathic feline cystitis, urolith, bacterial infection
192
How do you diagnose flutd
GPE, urinalysis and urine culture, x-ray and ultrasound
193
How do you treat FLUTD
Subcutaneous fluids, painkillers, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, behavior drugs, encourage water drinking, diet
194
What is crystalluria
Urinary crystals
195
What are the risk factors for struvites
Less than five years old, high magnesium diet, female more frequent, low water consumption, high urine specific gravity by Crystal saturation, obese, indoor cat, free choice, dirty litter box, stress.
196
What is the target urine ph
6.2-6.4
197
Why do we restrict magnesium
Reduce dietary magnesium intake to reduce the likelihood of struvite crystals or stone formation
198
What are the risk factors for calcium oxalate stones
Himalayan Burmese Persian cats. Male more frequent, more than six years old. Excessive calcium and excess protein. Excessive magnesium restriction, obese sedentary cat.
199
How do you prevent calcium oxalate stones
Treat hypercalcemia if it exists, select food with optimal calcium and magnesium levels, increased water intake, add potassium citrate, restrict protein
200
Why do dogs get struvite stones
In dogs associated with bladder bacterial infections
201
Why do dogs get oxalate stones
Small breeds may be more susceptible diet high in calcium phosphate. May be secondary to above more than females
202
Which certain breeds of dogs are predisposed to calcium oxalate crystals
Miniature Schnauzer, Lhasa apso, Yorkey
203
How do you prevent dalmatians from getting urate stones
Feed a low-protein diet
204
Why is it easier for cats and dogs to vomit
Cats and dogs have striated muscle in the esophagus
205
How do you manage megaesophagus
Please food at an elevated position, make a more liquid consistency, Bailey chair
206
What is the HCl in the stomach responsible for
Acidic environment. Turns Pepcinogen into pepsin
207
What did the mucous glands in the stomach do
Protect the stomach from acid
208
What do diets that contains soluble fiber do
Cause decreased rate of emptying when compared with diets that contain insoluble fiber which can be beneficial to animals with diabetes. Also fiber in small intestine can slow absorption of glucose
209
Which breeds are prone to gastric dilation volvulus
Deep chested breeds. Older dogs, overeating over drinking after exercise, eating air, gastric fermentation
210
How do you prevent gastric dilation volvulus
Feed highly digestible low residue and low-fat
211
What is a symptom of gastritis
Vomiting
212
How do you treat gastritis
Withhold food for 24 to 48 hours. Offer small amounts of easily digested food
213
Describe the what the pancreatic duct delivers
Enzymes and bicarbonate salts that help neutralize acid chime and provide proper pH for digestive enzymes to function. Pancreatic enzymes are delivered in the in active form
214
What are the clinical signs of pancreatitis in dogs
A cute
215
what are the signs of pancreatitis in cats
Chronic
216
How do you test for pancreatitis
Blood test
217
What is the bile duct do
Delivers bile acid's for the emulsification of fats and activates lipase to form the micelles. In the cat bile duct and pancreatic duct meet to form the common bile duct
218
How do you treat pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
Foods low in fiber restricted and fat and highly digestible
219
What viruses can cause malabsorption
Parvovirus and coronavirus
220
What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Change to the bacterial population of the proximal small intestine
221
What are the clinical signs of small intestinal bacteria overgrowth
Reoccurrence episodes of soft diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia
222
What does small intestinal bacterial overgrowth cause
Impaired gut motility, prolonged use of antibiotics, Mal digestion, mal absorption, genetic predisposition
223
What do the good bacteria do
Inhibit growth of bad bacteria, help to stimulate the immune system, synthesize essential vitamins, ferment the soluble fiber to make short chain fatty acids.
224
What do short chain fatty acids do for the good bacteria
Create an environment more favorable
225
What are the causes of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and what does it cause
Idiopathic, immune destruction of pancreas, repeated episodes of pancreatitis. Causes mal digestion due to no digestive enzymes
226
What are the clinical signs of Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Loose or semi-formed stools or diarrhea, weight loss, polyphagia
227
What is specific to small bowel diarrhea
Increased volume, no straining, often weight loss, dehydration
228
Described large bowel diarrhea
Straining, frequent accidents in the house, mucus, fresh blood, no weight-loss or dehydration
229
What are the characteristics of G.I. diet
Highly Digestible protein, high biological value, single protein source. Single source of carbohydrates, very digestible, avoid gluten. Reduced fat content but increased percent of omega-3 fatty acid's for anti- inflammatories, moderately fermentable fiber to create growth of good bacteria
230
What percent of fiber should a Gastro intestinal diet have
3 to 6
231
What is lymphangectasia
Lymphatic vessels are dilated and congested and lymph fluid leaks out into the intestinal lumen. Protein losing enteropathy
232
What is the diet treatment for Lymphangectasia
Moderate amount of highly digestible protein, low-fat, high-fiber
233
What are five functions of the kidney
Water balance, filter a waste, acid-base balance, hormones, blood-pressure maintenance
234
How much cardiac output through the kidneys per minute
One fourth of blood
235
What is Renal reserve loss
Don't see clinical signs till 66% of nephrons are gone. No clinical signs possible proteinuria
236
What is renal insufficiency
66 or more percent nephrons lost. Loss of ability to concentrate urine but can still get rid of waste
237
What are the clinical signs of renal insufficiency
PUPD, inability to concentrate urine, low specific gravity, increase in blood pressure, proteinuria
238
What is renal failure
75% or more nephrons lost. Progressive loss of urine concentrating ability, accumulation of waste product
239
What are the clinical signs of renal failure
PUPD, Lethargy, weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, increased blood pressure
240
What are the laboratory changes for renal failure
Increased BU in and creatinine, increased phosphorus, hypokalemia
241
What is advanced renal failure
90% or more nephrons lost. Leads to uremic state
242
What are the clinical signs of advanced renal failure
Profound weight loss, vomiting, anorexia, depressed
243
What are the laboratory signs of advanced renal failure
Anemia, very elevated BU in and creatinine, elevated phosphorus, low potassium
244
In Renal failure do you reduce protein
Yes
245
In renal failure do you reduce phosphorus
Yes. Use phosphorus binding agents.
246
In renal failure do you increase b vitamins
Yes
247
In renal failure do you decrease sodium
Yes
248
In Renal failure do you increase potassium.
Yes to help control metabolic acidosis
249
In renal failure do you increase fat
Yes
250
Why do you add fermentable fiber to renal diets
Nitrogen trap
251
What is a cat or dog considered senior
At seven
252
What causes aging
Free radicals, waste product accumulation, gene regulation, mean system failure, obesity
253
How do you increase pet lifespan
Avoid obesity, proper nutrition, regular wellness exams, early disease detection with bloodwork, preventative healthcare such as dental
254
What happens with aging
Resting metabolic rate slows, lean body mass decreases, more fat
255
After neuter what happened
Metabolic rate slows down
256
In aging what happens to the protein
They are less likely to use protein for energy rather than to build muscle so you feed high biological value protein.
257
Does organ function decline when animals age
Yes, liver, kidney, pancreas, digestive tract declines
258
What happens to eyes with aging
Increased conjunctivitis, decreased tear production, lens cataracts
259
What happens to ears with aging
Degeneration of cochlea apparatus. Repeatered Otitis externa
260
What are the clinical signs of osteoarthritis
Less active, reluctant to perform certain tasks, lame after after activity, irritable,slow to rise after lying down
261
What causes osteoarthritis
Age-related in large breed dogs. Underlying joint problems such as hip dysplasia, obesity, lack of proper exercise
262
How do you manage osteoarthritis
Weight loss, exercise, anti-inflammatories, nutrition
263
What are the cat clinical signs of osteoarthritis
Not jumping up so high places, behavior change, inappropriate urination
264
What are some gastrointestinal problems seniors are more susceptible to
Decreased gastric secretions, decreased functional salivary tissue, More fecal incontinence, more prone to vomiting and diarrhea
265
What is cognitive dysfunction
Confusion, disorientation, change in sleep pattern, loss host training, decreased activity.
266
Loss of ability of pancreas to produce insulin. Blood sugar will be high but Artemel cannot metabolize glucose. Consequentially they metabolize fat and produce Keytone bodies
What is diabetes mellitus
267
What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus
PUPD, polyphagia, weight loss
268
What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in cats
PUPD, increased appetite, weight loss, vocalization, vomiting, diarrhea
269
Why is insulin secreted by the pancreas
In response to increasing glucose levels
270
What does insulin do
It allows the cells to use glucose. Even though the blood glucose is high the cells cannot use the glucose so they break down fat and use protein from the lean body mass
271
What is special about insulin
It is the only hormone to lower blood glucose. Causes blood glucose uptake by cells
272
Which hormones cause blood glucose to rise
Glucagon, Adrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone
273
What is type one diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes more common in dogs. Pancreas is not producing enough insulin usually because of immune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas
274
What is type two diabetes
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Insulin resistance. The receptors on the cells do not respond to insulin
275
Are cats or dogs more likely to get type 2 diabetes
Cats
276
Which diabetes is associated with obesity
Type two. Fat cells hide receptors for insulin
277
What are the predisposing factors for diabetes
Obesity, middle age, genetics, other hormones. Elevated levels of Cortizone, progesterone can cause insulin resistance
278
Describe carbohydrate metabolism in cats
They only have one enzyme so it takes longer to clear the glucose from the blood
279
What are the clinical signs of diabetes
Polyphagia, polyuria polydipsia, weight loss, cataracts in dogs, polyneuropathy, Plantigrade posture in cats, prone to bacterial infections, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hepatic lipidosis, renal disease
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What is the goal in treatment for diabetes
Stabilize glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia. Minimize hyperglycemia, provide optimal amount of nutrients, minimize clinical signs, avoid hypoglycemia
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What is the blood glucose concentration normally for dogs
5-10 to 12 mmol/l
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What is the blood glucose concentration normally for cats
5-14-16 mmol/l
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What is the renal threshold
14 mmol per liter
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What is the normal blood glucose range in non-diabetic cats
2.6 to 8.4 mmol per liter
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What is the goal of an ideal blood glucose curve
To produce a blood glucose curve that approaches the reference range but avoids potentially fatal hypoglycemia for example 5 to 14mmol for most of each 24 hour period.
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What is the three important dietary treatments for diabetes
Be consistent with amounts, consistent time in consistent ingredients consistent proportion of carbohydrates fat and protein. Slow absorption of glucose from the intestine by having a food low in simple sugars high in complex carbohydrates such as barley to slow glucose absorption. Add fiber to slow gastrointestinal transit time.
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What should a diabetic diet have
Good quality and quantity of protein to protect lean body mass will also provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, fat content will depend on body score: obese versus skinny diabetics
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What nutraceutical should a diabetic diet contain
Chromium to use insulin better, Carnithine to help with fat metabolism, antioxidants
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How do you reduce glucose elevations in cats
Reduce carbohydrate and increase protein to result in slower glucose elevations
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What are some common causes of critical illness
Trauma, neoplasia, anemia, organ failure, sepsis, central nervous system disease, toxins, immune mediated diseases
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How is starvation different in the sick animal
A sick animal up regulates its metabolism in spite of starvation
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What happens when a healthy animal is in starvation
It down regulates its metabolism in the face of starvation because he wants to conserve energy
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What happens to the G.I. tract during starvation
The intestinal villi get nutrition directly from intestinal contents. If there's no food in the G.I. tract you get Villas atrophy where you cannot digest and absorb food, greater chance of bacterial translocation. Also due to starvation the stomach shrinks.
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What happens in starvation
The body uses that stores for energy. Sacketts metabolized into key tones which may be used as an energy source in some tissues. As there's no storage form of protein in the body muscle proteins are cannibalized into energy. This results in the loss of lean body mass. There's a rapid loss of lean body mass in the anorexic sick animal.
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What does a sick Animal need
Increased protein
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What diet does an anorexic sick Animal need
High-quality protein and high energy (fat)
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How do you administer nutritional support to an animal
Force-feeding, tube feeding such as the nasogastric tube, esophageal tube, pharyngostomy tube, gastric tube, jejunal tube
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What are the advantages of tube feeding
Less stressful for the animal. Can meet the daily caloric needs. Can easily give small of those often which will be easier for the animals digestive system to handle
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What are the benefits of nutritional support
Decreased morbidity. improved tolerance to invasive procedures, shorter hospitalizations. decreased incidence of infection, rapid wound healing, fewer complications.
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What food can you put in a feeding tube
A/d, recovery. Mix one to one with water
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How many calories are liquid diets
1 cal per milliliter approx. 0.6 for a/d
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What are the diet characteristics for a critical care diet
High-fat, high biological value protein, low carbohydrate. Increased branched-chain amino acid's, glutamine to feed small intestine, arginine to metabolize ammonia, B vitamins, Add zinc.
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What is the function of the liver
Metabolism of fats carbs and protein, glucose that is stored there, produces albumin, detoxification for the ammonia cycle, bile metabolism, makes coagulation factors
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What is idiopathic hepatic lipidosis
Occurs when cat stops eating or is that the negative calorie state for period of time. Approximately two weeks of eating 1/2-3/4 of the normal portion. Obese cats are more predisposed. Protein malnutrition develops very fast when cats do not eat
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What are the clinical signs of fatty liver disease
History of anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, vomited, jaundice, diarrhea
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How long do do you Normally place a feeding tube
6-8weeks or until eating on his own
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How do you avoid refeeding syndrome
Feed small amounts for the first few days even though caloric requirements aren't being met
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What is the minimum daily recommended calories for a cat
60kcal/kg/day
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What are the dietary goals for liver disease
Reduce livers workload by provided adequate daily energy intake. Moderate level of fat and highly digestible carbohydratesAvoid hyperammonemia. Feed high-quality protein. Feed small amounts often to avoid getting undigested protein in the large bowel.
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Why do you want branched chain amino acids
They get used up faster for gluconeogenesis
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Why do you include arginine in the liver disease diet
Because it is involved in the urea cycle
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Why do you include Taurine in cats
Because it is an essential amino acid
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What are common heart problems
Congestive heart failure, mitral valve insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia
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How does the body compensate in heart failure
The heart pumps less so the body thinks it needs more blood volume. Increased blood pressure plus more work for the heart
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What is a drug that can treat heart failure
Lasix, diuretics, fortekor, vetmedin
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What are the dietary considerations for heart disease
L-Carnithine, restricting sodium, add Taurine, omega-3 fatty acid EPA's DHA.
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Why is cancer a form of accelerated starvation
Due to the change in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, due to the tumor and the stress factor.
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What does the tumor require
Glucose for energy. Cannot use fat or protein. Tumor also requires amino acids.
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What is the initial phase of cancer
No clinical signs but there are biochemical changes
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What is the second stage of cancer
Anorexia, weight loss, loss of body fat and protein
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What are the changes in carbohydrate metabolism in cancer
Tumor cells use anaerobic glycolysis. They use a large amount of the hosts glucose and produce a lot of lactate acid. Other changes result in insulin resistance
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What is the change in protein metabolism and cancer
Tumor uses amino acids. Use up gluconeogenesis amino acids. Result in rapid loss of lean body mass
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Describe the change in fat metabolism in cancer
Growing tumor incorporates fat into it. Add omega-3 fatty acid's because it makes it more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents
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What are the diet goals of cancer
Maintaining body weight is known to improve the prognosis and to withstand chemotherapy. A diet high in fat and protein but low in simple carbohydrates will help.
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What is the most common form of the malnutrition in dogs cats and humans in the Western world
Obesity
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What are the effects of obesity
Increased inflammation, joint problems, glucose intolerance, great anesthetic risk
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What happens to caloric needs in older pets
It decreases
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What are the causes of obesity
Food taste too good, owner overfeeding, neutered pets sometimes, couch potato
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What are you pets need before going on a weight-loss plan
A gpe
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What are we due to rule out in the GPE before Pet goes on a weight-loss plan
Endocrine disorder such as hypothyroidism, genetic predisposition.
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What is the dynamic phase of obesity
Where weight gain is happening. Eating more calories than what you were using
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What is the static phase of obesity
Maintenance of overweight condition by not eating that many calories
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What happens to your genes when you're obese
Different genes get activated
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What is the amount of weight loss to lose per week
0.5-2%
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If they are body score3.5 how much weight do you expect themto lose
10%
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If they are body score 4 how much weight do you expected to lose
15%
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If their body score 4.5 how much weight do you expect them to lose
20%
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If their body score 5 how much weight do you expect them to lose
25
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Even during moderate weight loss programs how much is the percent weight loss from body tissue
Ur mom
