Basic Animal Care (1st) Flashcards
All information that was taught to me while attending Vanier College's "Animal Health Technology" Program, located in St-Laurent Montreal.
What are the roles of a AHT with farm animals?
Preventative medicine assistanceData entry Embryonic transferManagement, inventory & orders etc
What are the dangers associate with handling bovines ?
Being bumped, kicked, tail whipped
What are the dangers associated with handling sheep?
They are timid and they head butt
What are the behavior traits of goats ?
Goats are inquisitive, more independent
Which ruminant has a strong herding instinct ?
Bovine
What are the names of cows in English?
Cow, heifer , bull , steer
What are the names of cows in French?
Vache, genisse, taureau, bouvillon
How many different breeds of cows are there and how many years ago were cows domesticated ?
920 breeds of cows and they were domesticated 5000 years ago
What is the scientific name for a cow?
A bos Taurus
What is the lifespan of cattle and when are dairy cattle often culled by?
25 years and dairy cattle are often culled by 4-6
What methods of restraint can you use on a bovine?
Halter, ropes, nose thongs and chemical
What are the names of the four compartments of a cows stomach?
Rumen RectictulumOmasumAbomasum
What type of hooves do a cow have and what advantage does it give on land?
Cloven hoofs and it is able to run faster on land because their toes spread and therefor do not sink as deep
What is the first part of the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
1-3 days. Is fed colostrum and then removed and nipple fed.
What are bull calves used for?
For veal
What are heifers used for?
Kept to become replacement heifer for the herd
What is the second part in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
From 3 days - 2/3 months. Fed whole milk and gradually introduced to roughage
What is the third step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
From 2 mth to 15-18mths. Fed hay, on pasture
What is the fourth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
15-18 months. First breeding- estrous cycles every 21 days
How long is the gestation period of a cow?
9 months and 1 week
What is the fifth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
18-27 months. Pregnancy and continued growth.
What is the sixth step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
27 months. Parturition (birth) onset of lactation and milking
What is the seventh step in the life cycle of a dairy cow and when is it?
25-40 months. First lactation cycle
Describe the lactation cycle of a cow
- 1-3 days colostrumFirst milk, antibody rich. Calf receives passive immunity2. 6 weeks peek lactation
How many liters of milk a day can a cow produce during peek lactation ?
60-100 liters a day
What stage in the lactation cycle is a cow most vulnerable to a disease at? Why are they vulnerable?
6 weeks or peek lactation. A cow cannot consume enough food to meet milk production. Will take from body stores of fat and muscle. Makes her prone to diseases such as milk fever or ketosis
When is a cow bred again for a second pregnancy ?
2-10 months.
How long is the dry period and when does it happen?
2 months before next calving
How often should a cow calve?
Every 12-18 months
List common medical conditions of cows
Mastitis - inflamed mammary gland due to infection (udders)BloatingMilk fever - hypocalcemia - low blood calcium Ketosis - metabolic disorder
How long are beef cattle on the feedlot?
6-12 months
What are some frequent procedures done to cattle ?
Preventative medicineDehorningVaccinationDewormingHoof careCalvingEmbryonic transfer
What are male pigs called in English and French?
Boat , verrat
What are female pigs called in English and French?
Sow , truie
How long is a pigs estrous?
21 days
How long is the gestation period of a pig?
3 months 3 weeks 3 days - 117 days
How big is their litters?
8-12
What is the first stage in the life cycle of a pig? And when is it?
Weaned - 3 weeks
What is the second stage in the life cycle of a pig? And when is it?
Grower - 1-4 months
What is the third stage in the life cycle of a pig and when is it?
Finisher - 5-6 months
When is a pigs first estrus?
Around 6 months if exposed daily to the boar. Otherwise 8 months
How many litters per year is a pig expected to have?
2.5 litters per year
What is a pig fed from 0-3 weeks?
Sows milk + creep feed ➡️ starter diet
What is a pig fed from 3-5 weeks?and when are they expected to hit market weight ?
Weaned diet ➡️ grower ration ➡️ finishing ration and market by 6 months
What is the meat variety of poultry referred to? And when do they go to market ?
Broiler and 6-7 weeks when they are 4lbs
What is the egg laying type of poultry called?
Layers
How many eggs can a layer lay a year?
240-270 eggs/year
What is a mature male chicken called ?
Rooster , cock , roo
What is a mature female chicken called ?
Hen
What is a newly hatched chicken called ?
A chick
What is an immature male chicken called ?
A cockerel
What is an immature female chicken called ?
Pullet
How many varieties of chicken are there and how many years ago were they domesticated ?
150 varieties and they were domesticated 8000 years ago
How long is the life expectancy of a hen?
A hen can live up to 20 years but normally lives 10.
What do egg manufacturers do to check the egg for imperfections?
Candle the egg
How long have turkey’s been around?
10 million years ago
Why can’t domestic turkeys fly?
They usually weigh too much to be able to fly
What is a male turkey called?
Tom, gobbler
What is a female turkey called?
Hen
What is a baby turkey called ?
Poult or chick
What is a young male turkey called ?
Jake
What is a young female turkey called ?
Jenny
What is a group of turkey’s called ?
A flock
What are frequent procedures on a turkey ?
Vaccinations , coccidiosis prevention, beak trim , necropsy
What are the four things key to the well being of farm animals?
- Reproductive and productive performance 2. Pathological and immunological traits 3. Physiological and biochemical characteristics4. Behavioral patterns
What are the five basic freedoms a farm animal needs?
- To get up2. To lie down 3. To groom normally4. To turn around5. To stretch its limbs
Why study reptiles and amphibians?
Have increased popularity as petsHave a biology that differs significantly from mammalsVets are not taught much about exotics in school
What are Herps?
Collective term for reptile and amphibians
What are some features of an amphibian
Moist, permeable, glandular skinNon-amniotic eggsEctothermic (most are heterothermic)
What are the three orders of the class amphibia, and how many species does each order have
Anura (5000+ species) frogs etcCaudata (500 species) salamanders Gymnophiona (<200 species) caecilians
What are some features of a reptile
Non-permeable, non-glandular skin Amniotic eggsMostly oviparousMostly ectothermic and heterothermic
What are the four orders of reptiles and how many species do they contain
Testudines (<7000 species) snakes/lizardsCrocodilia (23 species) crocodiles
In reptiles and amphibians what are we dealing with? Species or breeds?
Species
What is thermophysiology
How body temperature is maintained
What are some advantages to ectothermy
Lower energy needs (eat less)Tolerate cooling better (night, seasonal, brumation)
What is the disadvantage of ectothermy
Activity limited by environmental temperature
How do Herps maintain their preferred body temperature
Behavioral thermoregulationPhysiological thermoregulation
What is an integument
The covering or outside of an organism, like skinUnique in reptiles and amphibians
What is dysecdysis
Retained eye spectacles Constricted toes, spines, tail tips
What is dysecdysis caused by
Inadequate environmental humidityMalnutrition and dehydrationParasitism
What can thermoreceptive organs do:
Can “see” heat
What are boids
Labial heat pads
What are crotalines
Paired rostral heat pits
What is dropping their tails done for
Defense
What must a Herps captive environment do
Fulfill all physiological and psychological needs Be based on natural habitatOmit natural dangersBe easy to access and maintain
What material should a herp enclosure be made out of
Easy to clean and disinfectTransparent barriers can be problematic
Are cagemates a good idea for Herps?
No
What are ultraviolet A lights used for
Part of visible spectrum for many speciesIdentification of conspecifics and prey
What does having ultraviolet -a light do to the environment?
Increases social behaviorsFeeding BaskingBreeding
How do you determine how much uv is needed?
Depends on:HabitatGeographical locationTime of year Species activity period
What can you use to measure uv irradiance
A solar meter 6.2
Who needs UVA?
Assume diurnal species need it
What provides UVA?
UVB bulbsIncandescentsHalogens
In the color rendering index, what is natural sunlight considered?
The best, 100
For diurnal species what is the minimum CRI they should have
80
What must be done to the water dish
Kept cleanKept appropriately sized (drinking vs soaking/swimming)
What additives must be removed from water?
Chlorine, chloramine, fluoride
Who is most sensitive to water quality
Small reptiles and all amphibians most sensitive
What can inappropriate levels of humidity lead to?
Respiratory and or dermatological disease
What are humidity needs based on
Seasonally depending on wild habit
What are the two categories of substrate
ParticulateNon particulate
What is a particulate substrate and give an example
Made up of lots of small pieces Ex: sand soil or gravel
What is a non particulate substrate and give an example
Made up of large piecesEx: paper towel, carpeting, tile
Is enrichment a necessity or an option
It’s a necessity
Herps are thigmotactic, what does that mean
They must feel the security of a hide on all sides of their body
How big should a Herps hide be?
Just large enough to enter, turn around and exit
Why is food a good enrichment for Herps
Chasing live insect prey Stimulate foraging behaviors (hidden prey)
What are some good reasons to keep Herps as pets?
Hypo allergic companion animalsMay be better suited to your lifestyle Captive breeding effortsHands off display pets
How do you select a species of herp to keep as a pet?
Based on:Adult sizeSpace requirements DietHardinessPersonality and behavior
What non particulate substrates are good
Paper towel, butcher paper, newspaper
Why are non particulate substrates like paper towel good for animals
Easy observations of stool and urine productionPrey cannot hide easily
What can you do when you find out an animal is eating it’s substrate?
Don’t use that substrateFeed on dish or elevated perchFeed snakes in a feeding bin
What are the cons of having a glass aquarium with a screen top for your herps
Transparent barriers can be problematic ( face rubbing)
What are the cons of having a wood enclosure with a screen front or top for your herp
Wood is difficult to sanitize and screen is abrasive if animal rubs against it
How much uv light is transmitted through glass or plastic barriers
0%
What can uv light go through
Mesh/wire/screen
What deformities happen with uv deficiency
Skeletal deformities especially if afflicted during juvenile critical growth period
What is a heliotherm
Any heat producing bulb in a heat lamp fixture
What is a thigmotherm
Any heliospheric device placed over substrate or furniture that retains heat
What is special about the leopard gecko
Possess true eyelidsLack of adhesive footpadsTail enlarged with fat depositsCrested geckos are flattened dorsoventrally
What is special about the Sudan plated lizard
Similar body to skinkDifferent scalation
What is the major differences between lizards and caudates
Dry scaly skinNails/clawsCaudates have a frog like appearance
What is special about snake lung anatomy
Many species only have left lung; right lung is reduced in size or absent
Why is it important to examine shed skin?
Can check for ecto parasitesCheck for ecdysis
What is the shell of a turtle?
Living bone
What are some ownership considerations for Owning birds
Time consumingLoud/destructive MessyRequire fresh food/water at all timesCan be aggressiveVery long lifespan
Describe living in the wild for the bird
PredatorsDiet (variety)Disease Climate changeHabitat destruction
Describe life in captivity for a bird
CagingBehavior problemsOften inappropriate dietVet care Increased longevityHand rearing
How do you sex a bird
DNAUltrasoundColor dimorphism
What are a few popular bird species
African greyAmazonCanaryCockatielCockatooFinchMacaw
Describe housing of birds
Safe cage location/positionAppropriate size cageVarious perchesToysHiding tentsSafe cage liner
Give 4 examples of appropriate perches
Cholla woodRope perchJava woodApple wood
Give three examples of inappropriate perches
Rock/stone perchSand paper covered perchSand paper perch
What is the basic care needed for birds
Monitor appetite, stool/urine, activityRoutine weighingMonitor Molting periodsProvide foraging activities and toysTraining sessionsProvide entertainmentRegular bath
What is general grooming for birds
Nails (clipping or filing)Daily bathsBeak (not usually required)Wings (trimming)
What are the 3 abnormal types of bird beaks
Scissor beakOvergrown beakPrognathism
How do you identify birds?
Leg bandsMicrochips (in chest)
What should birds be eating?
Vegetables & dark greensSprouted beans/seedsFruitsPellets and whole grainsNuts and seedsAnimal protein
What are some toxic foods for birds
AvocadoFruit pits/seedsGround cherriesRhubarbFat/sugar/saltOnion/garlicChocolateCoffeeAlcoholHouse plantsMoldy foods
What are some toxic products for birds
MetalsPaint/varnishTeflonCleaning productsCigarette smokeAir fresheners
How do you restrain birds?
Hold head and stomach/feet areaTowel
Describe a healthy bird
Perky and alertPosture Bright eyesClean noseGlossy bright feathersHydrated skin on feetNails trimmedNormal stoolsGood appetiteCloaca
What are the signs of illness in a bird
Puffy feathersDroopy wingsClosed eyesCrusty noseHunched positionAt cage bottom Loss of appetite Quiet
What are some common avian diseases
PsittacosisPbfdPolyoma virusPacheco disease virusProventricular dilation diseaseAspergillosis Candidiasis
What is a common problem with birds feet
Bumble foot
What is a common problem with the feathers of a bird?
Feather cystsBroken blood feathers
What’s a common problem associated with a bird giving birth
Egg binding
What’s a common skin problem in birds
Mites
What a common problem with feeding a bird too much
ObesityFatty liver disease
What’s a common problem with birds bones
Fractured
What are some behavioral issues of birds
ScreamingBitingAggressionDestructionOver preeningPluckingMutiliation
What is a normal mouth like
Good occlusionAll teeth presentHealthy gumsNo foul smell
What is the canine adult dental formula
Incisiors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4 molars 2/3
How many teeth does an adult canine have
42
What is the dental formula of an adult feline
Incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 3/2 and molars 1/1
How many teeth does an adult feline have
30
Teeth problems are the most frequent health problem in pets older than ___ years
6
___-____% of pets examined have some sort of periodontal disease
80-85
What does periodontal disease cause
Systematic problems as well as local ones
Why do dental problems typically lead to euthanasia
Because it is expensive to get appropriate dental treatment
What kind of home care can an owner be doing to take care of their pets teeth
Owner exam + odorFoodBrushingWater additives Toys
What can a vet/tech do to take care of a pets teeth
Special productsDental cleaningPrevention programs
What are the clinical signs of periodontal disease
HalitosisGingivitisPlaquePusLoss of teethPain
What is the progression of periodontal disease
PlaqueGingivitisTartarInflammationGum destroyedTooth loss
What are some differences between pediatric animals and adult animals
Anatomy and physiology/immunityNutritionActivity Behavior/temperamentMedical care
What happens at 2-3 days in pediatric development
Umbilical cord dries and falls off
What happens at 5-14 days in pediatric development
Eyelids open
What happens at 6-14 days in pediatric development
External ear canals open
What Happens at 7-14 days in pediatric development
Capable of crawling
What happens at 14-21 days in pediatric development
Walking, urinating and defecating spontaneously
What happens at 8 weeks in pediatric development
Renal function nears that of an adult
What happens in 4-5 months in pediatric development
Hepatic function nears that of an adult
In puppies , when does the incisors erupt from skin
2-3 weeks
In puppies when does the canines erupt from the skin
3-4 weeks
In puppies when do the premolars erupt from the skin
3-6 weeks
At 12-16 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult incisors come in
At 16-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult canines come in
At 16-24 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
Adult premolars come in
At 14-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult molars come in
In a kitten when do the incisors erupt from the skin
3-4 weeks
In a kitten when do the canines erupt from the skin
3 weeks
In a kitten when do the pre molars erupt from the skin
4-12 weeks
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 12-16 weeks
Adult incisors come in
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 16-24 weeks
Adult canines come inAdult premolars come in
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 20-28 weeks
Adult molars come In
When do puppies and kittens stop sleeping together
5-6 weeks of age
How do neonates urinate/defecate
Mother stimulates them
When does the puppy/kitten receive colostrum
Within 2-3 hours up to 24hrs
In the first week how many times does a neonate recieve milk
4-6 times a day
In the second week how many times does a neonate receive milk per day
3 times a day
When is solid food introduced to neonates
3-4 weeks of age
When is a neonate completely weaned off of milk
6-8 weeks
Why is handling neonates often good
Stimulates development and sociability
When is the imprinting period
First 4 months
When is the fear period
8-12 weeks
What is the normal rectal temperature of a neonate in the first week
35.6 approx
What is the rectal temperature of a neonate in the second week
37.0-38.2
When does the temperature of a neonate hit adult levels
7 weeks
What is the normal heart rate in the first week of life
220bpm
What is the respiratory rate in the first week of life
10-35 breaths per minute
When does the respiratory rate hit adult level in neonates
4 weeks
What are three things to remember about pediatrics and why do they occur
- Hypothermia: greater surface area and less fat2. Hypoglycemia: high energy requirement and small stomach3. Immature hepatic and renal function: May react unpredictably to drugs
What are common neonatal diseases
Trauma and maternal neglectHypothermiaDehydrationInfectious diseasesSepticemiaSwimmersHypoglycemia
Do cows always produce milk?
No only when they get pregnant
How much milk does a Holstein cow produce at peak lactation?
65 liters a day
What are the cows fed?
Hay, forage
At what age will a heifer have her first calf?
2 years
What is the life expectancy of a dairy cow?
5-6 years
What tests are done to the milk in the bulk tank?
Stomatic cell count and milk quality tests
Can you drink the milk from the bulk tank?
Yes but risk of salmonella
How many days does it take a broiler to be ready for market?
35 days
Do hens need a rooster to lay eggs?
No, ai
What is the life expectancy of a layer hen?
1 year
What is the yearly egg production for a typical layer hen?
285-290
At what frequency does a hen lay one egg?
1 per day
What type of research is being done at the farm?
Feeding , lighting
How are eggs graded?
By weight
Why are the layers on a specific lighting cycle?
To prevent cannibalismLight cycle brings them into production slowly
What breeds of broilers and layers did Mac farm have?
Broilers : cobLayers : shavers
What type of bedding is used for broiler chickens?
Shavings and they are used because they are big pieces so the chickens don’t eat it.
Describe the ventilation system in the poultry unit
Exhaust fans take out ammonia 1. Stage one : every three minutes air exchange2. Stage two : constant air exchange
Why are calves kept outside?
To keep them away from their mother because they don’t have immunity yet
Describe the ventilation system of the dairy barn ?
Two type system : Spring: windows and doors open at one end of barn. Fans pull air through. Winter : fans running , pulls air through ceiling
Name the dairy cow breeds seen at the farm
Holstein, Ayrshire,jersey, brown Swiss , canadien
What are some appropriate forms of housing for a dog?
Crates, children gates, playpens, dog runs and small rooms
Should you restrict freshwater?
No
Are you supposed to feed a dog table scraps? What can happen?
No. The dog can become obese and also have a vitamin/mineral deficiency
How often are you supposed to give treats?
Within reason, a low cal treat
How is dog nutrition determined?
By size and life stage. Should be tailored for appropriate growth and to prevent obesity
Give four reasons why you should groom your pet
- Makes dog feel good2. Makes dog look good3. Inspection and detection4. Reinforces the bond
What are the strategic spots for brushing?
Behind earsUnder footpadsChest areaBack of hind legs
When should you start brushing your pet?
At a young age
How frequently should a pet be brushed ideally ?
Once per day
List 3 reasons why bathing pets is important
To clean and condition the coat - diminish odorsTo treat skin conditionsTo get rid of extoparasites
Should you brush before or after you bathe your dog?
Brush before
What are the three types of shampoos for bathing dogs?
Insecticidal MedicatedGeneral purpose
Can you use a hairdryer on a dog to dry him?
Yes but be sure that it is not too hot, can burn or give heatstroke to the dog
Why do we do oral care on dogs?
To prevent periodontal disease and systemic diseases
How often should you brush your dogs teeth?
Once a week
When does a dog have his deciduous teeth?
4-7 months
How many teeth does a dog have as an adult?
42
How can you ease a dog into a teeth brushing routine?
Rub his gums with wet food to get him used to the action
What are the three major parts of the ear?
Outer (pinna)Middle (tympanic membrane)Inner
How can you increase air flow into the ear canal?
Plucking hairs from opening of ear canalTying or taping ears together on top of head
When do you need to see a vet in terms of ear problems?
As soon as there is a foul odor, discharge, dog shakes ears often
What is otitis?
Yeasts, Bacteria,Parasites such as mites
What are symptoms of otitis?
ScratchingShaking head Tilting head to one side Evidence of pain when touchedSour smell
What are some basic forms of ear care?
Drying ears after bathing or swimming Cleaning ears with gauze pads soaked with an ear cleansing solutionVeterinary prescriptions /ear swab analysis
Why is nail care important?
For animals comfortInjury prevention
What are some issues associated with anal glands?
CloggedFoul smelling IrritatedInfected Abcessed
What is the difference between professional emptying and groomers?
Professionals will empty anal glands and if there is a blockage they can fix it whereas groomers do not pay attention to blockages and will not alert you to problems
Should excess hairs around eyes be tied or shaved?
Yes
Why should dogs keep their head inside the car?
Because they can get debris in their eye or have their eyes dry out
What symptoms should you be on the lookout for with dog eyes?
Redness, excessive staining, soreness, discharge
Why do dogs tears stain their coat? What can be used to hide protein staining?
Because it contains protein. Chalk can be used as make up for dogs
What are the signs of illness in a dog?
Poor coatDull eyes/ dischargeAnorexiaVomitingChange in stool Becomes listlessPale gumsFever
What is the normal temperature range of a dog?
38.3c to 39.5c
Why are stools useful for determining the health of your dog?
Because they are a direct representation of your dogs digestion and general health
How often should your dog be walked?
Twice a day
What are the vaccination requirements for boarding facilities?
Kennel cough
What are vaccinations?
Preventative protection against diseases
Is immunity from a vaccination indefinite?
No it is not. Requires boosters on a set schedule
Are vaccines 100% efficient?
No. But most efficient when maintaining a proper vaccination schedule
What is a colostrum ?
First milk a mother gives to her puppy. Rich in antibiotics and gives dog a passive immunity
Why would vaccinations vary between dog and medical professional?
Because each professional has a different view of what vaccines are important. Each animal is given individual vaccines in accordance with environment and health status
What is vaniers vaccination protocol?
7-8 weeks : distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvovirus12 weeks: booster16 weeks: booster plus rabies 1 year: booster
What are optional vaccines?
Leptospirosis Bordatella (kennel cough)Corona virusGiardiaLyme disease
What the expected adverse reactions to a vaccination?
Local inflammation and discomfort24-48hr fever
What are abnormal adverse reactions to a vaccine?
Allergic reaction (can be fatal. Immediate intervention needed)Frequent vomitingDiarrheaFacial swelling
What is a way to control the risk of a vaccine?
One vaccine at a time and keeping the animal under supervision
What controls the oestral cycle?
Endocrine
What hormones are involved with oestral cycle?
Estrogen, progesterone, fsh and lh
What are the cycle types?
Continuous (pig,cow)Seasonal cycles (dogs,cats,mares,goats)Mono-oestrian cycle (dogs)Poly-oestrian cycle (cats,mares,goats,sheep)
What is the gestation period for a bitch?
58-63 days
What is the typical litter size?
1-15pups
How many heats does a bitch have and how many months apart are they?
Two heats/year and 6months apart
What is the breeding age for a bitch?
Between 6months-1 yr of age
Can dogs seperate while they have sex?
No they cannot
What are four ways to prevent gestation in bitches?
SurveillanceSpaying and neuteringPillHormone injections
How can you stop gestation once it has started?
Abortion
What does spaying include?
The removal of both the ovaries and uterus
What are some advantages to spaying?
Prevents unwanted littersEliminates the inconvienance of heat periodsHelps prevent uterine problems such as infectionLessens the possibility of mammary tumorsPrevents false pregnancies
What are some advantages to neutering ?
Diminishes roamingPrevents unwanted puppiesMakes males less aggressive and less likely to develop undesirable traits such as mountingPrevents testicular cancerPrevents prostate problems
What is neutering?
Removal of both testicals of the male
When should you spay or neuter?
as young as 6-14 weeks but normally at 6 months
Temporary methods of canine identification
Medals: city id medals, rabies tagsCapsulsCollars
What are the pros and cons of temporary methods of canine identification
Pros: low costCons: can be lost or broken
What are a few types of permanent canine identification
Tattoos: 2 types:Ear punch typePencil typeMicrochips
What are some health risks of toys?
Catching diseasesBreaking teethForeign body : obstruction
What is the proper crate size for a dog?
Leaves enough room that he could stand and turn around even when fully grown
What are the types of crates available?
Metal collapsible, plastic traveling crate
Where should a dogs crate be placed?
In a room with human activity
What enrichment should be placed in a dogs crate?
Few treats, food, toys, blanket, water
How do you keep the crate a positive place for a dog?
Never use it as punishment
Why should table scraps not be given during family dinner time?
Because it encourages begging and negative behaviors
How should long hair be combed?
From the extemities
How do you keep a breed with wrinkles from developing infection?
Rinse wrinkles with warm water and mild soap and dry them. Apply baby powder in wrinkles to keep them dry
How can teeth and gums be maintained in a healthy state?
Regular teeth brushing, feeding a specially formulated dental diet and treats, avoiding table scraps
What can sweet, fruity smelling dog breath be caused by?
Diabetes
What can foul smelling dog breath be caused by?
Liver or intestinal diseases
What can breath smelling of ammonia or urine be caused by?
Kidney disease
Why are breeds with tight lips more likely to have dental problems than breeds with loose lips?
Because there is no space for hard food to rub against the teeth when they chew and therefor plaque develops
What are the two types of toothbrushes available for dogs?
Finger brushesRegular tooth brushes
How often should you check yur dogs ears?
Weekly
How often should nails be checked and cut?
Every two weeks
What are the types of nail cutters available?
Guillotine type, scissor type , nail grinder and nail file
How can you stop bleeding if you cut the quick?
Quick stop powder, silver nitrate pencil, cornstarch, flour
What are white stools indicative of?
Ingestion of bones, or is a sign of liver or pancreatic dysfunction
What are black, tarry stools indicative of?
Occult blood and indicate that bleeding is occurring in upper regions of the digestive tract
What is fresh red blood in stool indicative of?
Bleeding occurring in lower part of the digestive system
What is the scientific name of a rabbit
Orytolagus cuniculus
What is the order for a rabbit
Order Lagomorpha
What does a lagomorph have that differentiates it from a rat
A second pair of upper incisors
What is the family of a rabbit
Leporidae
What does ortvtolagus include?
Rabbits and Hares
How many breeds of rabbits are there?
30 breeds
Can rabbits be housed indoors or outdoors?
Yes
What can rabbits be used for?
PetsShow animalsMeat producer Wool producerResearch subject
Name 6 common breeds of rabbit
English and French angoraBelgian HareAmerican Dutch (4.5 lbs)Dwarf (2 lbs)Flemish Giant (15lbs)New Zealand White
Describe the angora rabbit
Very fluffy white with a fluffy top on ears
Name 5 common lop breeds
French bélier ( hazel)Mini-lopHolland LopCalifornianGiant Chinchilla
Who were the first to domesticate rabbits
Romans
Describe what’s special about a rabbits anatomy
Fragile skeletonDelicate veins (can easily pop them)Well-developed 3rd eyelid (nictitating membrane)
What’s a disease that commonly infects rabbits
Myxomatosis
What is the life expectancy of a rabbit? Inside vs outdoor
4-9 years outdoors. 15 years inside
What is the dental formula of a rabbit
Incisors 2/1, canines 0/0, premolars 3/2, molars 3/3
What is the range in temperature of a rabbit
38.5 -40c
Does a rabbit have a well developed sense of smell?
Yes. They have twitchy nose
Are rabbits obligate nasal breathers
Yes
Are rabbits herbivores or omnivores
Herbivores
Describe the New Zealand white
Medium size 2-5kgGrow rapidly Reproduce wellUsed in laboratories
What are the disadvantages for using rabbits as research animals
Difficulties encountered in anesthesiaPlagued by a large number of spontaneous diseases
What does the size of a rabbits cage need to be
3x2 lengths of a rabbit minimum
What are the types of enrichment rabbits should have?
Timothy twists, Timothy hay shelter, plastic balls, anything autoclaveable. Metal chime with rocket candy on it
What is a rabbits preferred food?
Sweet food and pellets
Are rabbits hindgut fermenters ?
Yes
Describe the night stool and why it is important
It is a stool that they eat to reabsorb vitamins and proteins. Very moist
How do you prevent obesity and selective eating?
Limit pellets/mix concentrate
What is the best hay for rabbits?
Timothy hay then alfalfa
Describe Timothy hays nutrition content
High fiber, low protein and low calcium grass hay
Describe alfalfa hays nutritional content
High in protein and calciumOnly feed to growing/breeding rabbits
Do rabbits teeth stop growing?
No they grow continuously
How many cm/month does a rabbits teeth grow
2cm/month
How does a rabbit wear down its teeth?
By eating correct diet and chewing on toys/food etc
What breed of rabbit is prone to malocclusion?
Dwarf rabbit
Describe what a malocclusion is
Overgrown front incisors
How do you know a rabbit has overgrown back teeth?
Slobbers constantly
When does a rabbit reach sexual maturity?
5 months.
What are rabbits (in terms of ovulation)
Induced ovulators. They release eggs after copulation not before
How long is the gestation period of a rabbit?
29-35days
What is the litter siZe of a rabbit
4-12 kits
How many months are the kits weaned?
6 weeks
What is an unusual nursing characteristic of a rabbit?
They nurse 2x per day. Kit can consume 20% of its body weight in a few seconds
How do you make sure you sex a rabbit properly?
You pop out the penis
Describe rabbit urine and what makes it that way
Rabbit urine is thick and cloudy and contains sediment. The sediment is caused by excessive amounts of calcium
Rabbits urine is porphyrin. Describe it
Red pigment staining urine. Can be brown, yellow or red
Describe 3 typical forms veterinary care provided to rabbits
Spay &neuterVaccination : myxomatosis or viral hemmoragic diseaseParasite prevention (de worming, flea removal)
Describe pasteurella
A disease that is carried by all rabbits and can lay dormant till activated by stress
Describe the symptoms of pasteurella
septicemiaSnifflesConjunctivitis Abscesses Vestibular disease ( inner ear )PneumoniaSudden death
Describe torticollis symptoms in rabbits
Head tiltLack of balanceRapid side to side movement of eyesHopping in circlesRolling
What is psorptic mange
Ear mites
What is cheyletiella
Walking dandruff (hair mites)
What is pododermatitis
Sore hocks (cut up feet)
How do you prevent uterine cancer in rabbits?
Spay the rabbit
What are some calcium related diseases that rabbits are susceptible to
Bladder stones (urolithiasis and cystic calculi)Kidney stones (renal calcinosis)Aortic mineralizationMetastatic calification
How do you prevent calcium related diseases in your rabbit?
Feed low calcium Timothy hay and limit the pellets
What are the signs of pain of a rabbit
Teeth grindingHunched up postureShrieking
What is gastric stasis associated with?
Low fiber high carb dietStressDecreased exerciseHair ingestion
What are the clinic signs of gastric stasis
Rabbit is not eating or producing stool for 8 hours or more
What is enterotoxemia ? And in what life cycle is a rabbit at risk?
Explosive diarrheal disease. Recently weaned rabbits are at risk
What predisposes a rabbit to enterotoxemia?
Diet, antibiotic treatment
How do you football hold a rabbit?
Butt facing right arm and left arm under their butt. Carried in crook of arm with eyes covered
What are other forms of rabbit restraint other than the football hold?
Burrito methodRabbit restrainerBunny snuggle
Why are rabbits at a high risk of fractures?
Because their bones are light and brittle and fracture easily. Rabbits skeleton makes up 7% of its body weight. Had overdeveloped back legs
Where is blood taken from on a rabbit and why are they good candidates for drawing blood
On the back of its ears and because they have very visible prominent veins
How many weeks is a puppy protected (because of colostrum) before it starts to wear off
A few weeks
What vaccines are routinely given to puppies?
Distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, para influenza and rabies
At 7-8 weeks what vaccines are routinely given
Distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, parvo virus
What vaccine is given at 12 weeks
A booster
What vaccines are given at 16 weeks
Booster and rabies
What vaccines are given at 1 year
Booster
Rabies virus is usually given every ____ years
3 years
What are the optional vaccines available
LeptospirosisBordetellaCorona virusGiardiaLyme disease
What are expected reactions to vaccinations
Local inflammationDiscomfort24-48hr fever
What are abnormal reactions to a vaccine
Vomiting Diarrhea Facial swelling
What are the hormones involved in the oestrus cycle
OestrogenProgesteroneFshLh
Dogs are ______ oestrianCats are _______ oestrian
MonoPoly
When do bitches reach breeding age?
6 months - 1 year
Do small breed bitches come into heat at a younger age than large breed bitches?
Yes
How many heats does a dog have a year
Two
How long does a heat last
3 weeks
What is the first phase of (dog) heat and how long does it last
5-9 days. Pro estrus
Describe pro estrus in dogs
Vulva becomes swollen and inflamed and the bitch may lick herself. There may be changes in her appetite and temperament. Bloody discharge drips from the vulva.
How do you know a bitch is entering estrus
When her vaginal discharge (blood) lessens
What happens in estrus
Ovulation takes place and the bitch is ready for breeding.
When can a bitch become impregnated?
During a 3-5 day period in estrus.
What happens if a bitch is impregnated
Gestation follows (58-63 days)
What happens if a bitch doesn’t get pregnant in estrus
Anoestrus
What is the duration of anoestrus
60-180d
What is the duration of pro-oestrus
3-15 days
What is the duration of oestrus
5-15d
What’s the duration of post oestrus
60-65d
How do you prevent gestation in a dog
Spaying and neuteringPillHormone injectionsAbortion
What are some advantages to spaying
Prevents unwanted littersEliminates inconvienance of heat periods Prevents false pregnancies
When you spay an animal what do you remove
Ovaries and uterus
When you neuter an animal what do you remove
Testicals
What are the advantages to neutering
Diminish roamingPrevents unwanted puppiesPrevents testicular cancer
When do you spay/neuter pups
6 months old
What are the predisposing factors to parasite infestations in dogs
Animal concentrationIntroduction of new animalsEnvironmental hygienePet health statusWeather conditionsParasite ecologyPet contact with wild animals or pest rodentsFood contamination
What are parasite control methods
Regular treatmentDaily removal of feces from the environment Frequent vacuumingAppropriate flooring, sealing floor crevasses and frequent washing with appropriate productsPrevent contact with other dogs stools
What are some clinical signs of parasite infestation
Weight lossVomiting Bloated abdomen AnemiaSlowing growthDiarrheaCoughDull hair
What are some common internal parasites
Round wormsHookwormsWhipwormsTapewormProtozoans
What are common external parasites
Arthropodes
What is the family name of cats
Felidae
What is the genus of cats
Felis
What are specific anatomical characteristics of cats
Strong, flexible bodies, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, teeth adapted to killing, excellent hearing and can see in near darkness
What is the life expectancy of a cat
15-18 years
What are the uses of cats
Vermin killersStatusCompanionFur tradeFolk remedies
How to cat proof your home
Remove toxic plantsStore poisonous materialStore sewing supplies, fragile itemsBe careful with electric & blind cords
Why is it recommended to keep a cat indoors
City regulationsSafe: less dangerLess chance of getting stolen or lost
If a cat goes outdoors what does he need
Must have a proper id and be sterilizedMust be vaccinated and treated for parasites
What is an essential amino acid that cats need
Taurine
What grooming should be done frequently
Eyes (discharge check)Ears (debris/odor check)Nails (trim nails)Coat (comb to prevent matting)
What three type of shampoos can you use on a cat
InsecticidalMedicated General purpose
What is declawing?
Amputation of 3rd phalange in paws
What do cats need their nails for
Climb, hunt and for defense
What are the pros to declawing
Medical reasons (trauma, tumor)Trauma to ownersLess damage to household
What are the cons for declawing
UnnaturalDone for owners benefit not catsPainful surgery with complications
What are some declawing alternatives
Scratching postClaw capsTenectomy
How to prevent hairballs
Frequent combing
How do you treat hairballs
Laxative pastesSpecial foodsSpecial treats
How many litter boxes should you have
Number of cats plus 1
What is the maximum amount of time a cat should be alone
24-72 hrs max
What are the common cat vaccinations
RhinotracheitisCalici virus ChlamydiaBordetellaPanleucopeniaFiv/feLVRabies
What vaccine is given at 6-8 weeks for a cat
Fvrcp
What vaccine is given at 3-4 months of age for a cat
Booster and non adjuvated rabies
What vaccine is given at 1 year for cats
Booster fvrcp and rabies non adjuvanted or adjuvanted
What vaccine is given at 3 years for a cat
Booster fvrcp and rabies non adjuvanted or adjuvanted
What are cats in terms of oestrian cycle
Poly oestrian
When do cats hit puberty
4-12 months
How long is the gestation period of a cat
63-65 days
How big is a normal cat litter size
1-7 kittens
What is a male cat called
A tom
What is a female cat called
A queen
How long is pro estrus in cats
1-3 days.
Describe pro estrus
Attracted to malesRubs head and neck on objectsPosturing, rolling
How long is estrus period
4-6 days if male present, 10 days if no male
What cycle is a cat in after ovulation
Diestrus
How long is a cats pseudo pregnancy
40 days
How long is a cat in anestrus
3-4 months
What are three dangers when dealing with a cat
Trauma Cat scratch diseaseWound infection
What are some reasons for feline restraint
Handler safetyAnimal safety Owner safetyControl for success of diagnostic procedureControl for success of a therapeutic procedure
What are some cat handling techniques
ObservePrepare material Stay calmReassure itScruff neckStretch Blanket, muzzle
What are some species of rats
Sprague dawleyWistarLong Evans
What does outbred stock mean
Random matings
What inbred strains mean
20 brother sister matings
What does congenic strains mean
Single gene mutation
What does transgenic mean
Have a gene that is spliced in
What is the average weight of a rat
400-500g male-100g female
What is a rats life span
2.5 years
Do rats grow forever? And at what rate
Yes, very gradually.
What are rats considered?
Crepuscular
What is a normal rats photoperiod
12:12
Are rats coprophagic?
Yes
Are males likely to fight when housed together?
No
What happens to solitary rats?
They become stressed,Larger adrenal glands
Are rats omnivores?
Yes
Do rats burrow?
Yes if given the chance
Is rats sense of smell and hearing better or worse than a humans
Better
Rats communicate in what range
Ultrasound range
What do rats depend on for sight?
Wiskers
What colors can rats not see
Red and orange
What is a rats tail used for?
Balance and heat exchange
How long is a rats estrus cycle
4-5 days
How long is a rats gestation period
21-23 days
How big is an average rats litter size
3-18 pups
At what age does the hair grow in? (Rat baby)
8-9 days
At what age do the eyes open (rat baby)
10-14 days
At what age are rats weaned until
21 days
When do rats hit puberty
2 months
How many hours of light does a breeding rat require per day
14hrs a day
Rats have continuos growing ______
Incisors
What level of noise should a rat be maintained at
85 decibels
What happens if a rat is exposed to too much light
Retinal damage
What happens if a rat is exposed to too much noise
Audio genic seizuresCannibalize youngIncrease stress hormones
Why do rats eat their feces?
Get vitamins and extra protein from it
How can you identify rats
Tail color markingsStandardized ear punching or notching Tattoos
What information should rat cage cards contain
SpeciesStrainProtocol numberSource InvestigatorSexDobDate of receipt
What is the normal temperature and humidity for a rat
20-25* celsius. 50-55% humidity
How many air changes should a rat have per minute
10-20 changed
at what level of ammonia do rats show respiratory effects at ?
10ppm
What is barbering and what causes it?
Hair chewed down to skin. Could be caused by boredom or done by a more dominant rat
What are a rats signs of illness
LethargyAggressivenessHunched posture Rough hair coatDeceased appetite
What is porphyrin staining and what does it indicate?
Red stains around eyes and indicates stress
What are two typical problems with rats teeth
Tooth breakageMalocclusion
What does adequate housing provide
Behavior and physiological needsSocial interaction w conspecificsClean, dry and safe area with adequate ventilation, food and water. Visualization by personnel
What are the two handling/restraint methods for rats
Cross techniqueV technique
What are the risks for handling rats
Bites, zoonosis and allergies
Why are mice used in biomed research
Small, prolific, easily and economically maintained, genetic diversity and well characterized
What is the order of mice?
Rodentia
